Abstract:[Objective] β-Sitosterol-modified ginsenoside Rb₁ liposomes （β-Rb₁-Lip） were prepared to reduce the degradation of Rb₁ and enhance the lipid-lowering effects of ginsenoside Rb1. [Methods] β-sitosterol-modified ginsenoside Rb₁ liposomes were prepared by the thin-film hydration method. The biosafety of the liposomes was assessed using the MTT assay. The inhibition of lipid droplet accumulation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes by β-Rb₁-Lip was investigated using Oil Red O staining and triglyceride （TG） content measurement with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. [Results] The prepared β-Rb₁-Lip liposomes had an encapsulation efficiency of 83.74% and an average particle size of 198 nm. The release rate of Rb₁ from β-Rb₁-Lip was about 80% within 12 hours, demonstrating a good sustained-release effect. Regarding lipid-lowering activity, β-Rb₁-Lip at 50 μmol/L showed a significant inhibitory rate of intracellular lipid droplets. Compared to the same concentration of Rb1 monomer, β-Rb₁-Lip had a more significant inhibitory effect on the accumulation of lipid droplets in 3T3-L1 cells and did not exhibit cytotoxicity. [Conclusion] β-Rb₁-Lip has high encapsulation efficiency, small particle size, and obvious sustained-release characteristics. It can continuously release the active component ginsenoside Rb₁, enhance its lipid-lowering efficacy, and reduce the dosage, providing support for the development of Rb₁ lipid-lowering products.

Abstract:[Objective] This study aimed to explore the effects of rye pollen peptide on the proliferation of probiotics and promote the development and utilization of rye pollen. [Methods] In this study, A rye flower peptide product with an average relative molecular mass of 691 was obtained by wall-breaking enzymatic treatment of rye pollen raw material. The growth and acid production of Lactobacillus fermentum B153 before and after the addition of rye pollen peptide were also studied to investigate the effect of rye pollen peptide in promoting the proliferation of B153. [Results] The experimental data showed that the 24-h growth and acid tolerance of B153 were improved after the addition of rye pollen peptide, and the logarithmic value of the number of viable bacteria was significantly increased to 8.7 after 24 h of incubation; The lactic acid concentration was significantly increased, and the maximum lactic acid mass concentration was 13 mg/mL. [Conclusion] Rye pollen peptide can improve the growth condition and acid production of L. fermentans B153.

Abstract:[Objective] This study aimed to efficiently utilize the resources of Phlebopus portentosus and develop its polysaccharide functional food. [Methods] The mycelium of P. portentosus was cultured and fermented, and the combined fermentation broth was concentrated at low a temperature and reduced pressure. Then, precipitated by ethanol, separated, purified by DEAE-52 cellulose column chromatography, and the polysaccharide was finally refined by dialysis to remove the small molecular impurities. The total sugar content was determined by phenol-sulfuric acid colorimetry, the monosaccharide composition was determined by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), and the impurities such as nucleic acid and protein were detected by ultraviolet spectrophotometer. The structure of polysaccharides was analyzed preliminarily by infrared spectroscopy (IR) and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR). [Results] The content of total sugar was 84%. The main monosaccharides of the polysaccharide were glucose, mannose, galactose, and arabinose, the molar ratio of which was 2.07∶1.95∶1.00∶1.58. Obvious polysaccharide absorption peaks were shown in the infrared spectrum and nuclear magnetic resonance spectra, through which an α-type pyranose can be inferred in the polysaccharide. [Conclusion] The polysaccharides prepared from the fermentation broth of P. portentosus were mainly composed of four monosaccharides, the structure of which contained α-pyranose.

Abstract:[Objective] This study aimed to study the effect of thermal ultrasound on the physicochemical properties of mung bean milk liquid and the quality of yuba. [Methods] Using mung bean as raw material, mung bean slurry was treated with different thermal ultrasonic conditions and made into yuba. [Results] Compared with untreated slurry, with the increase of temperature, the increase in particle size and thiol content showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing. At 50 ℃, the particle size of 100 and 150 W increased from 156.27 nm to 208.06 nm and 191.96 nm, and the thiol content increased from 16.83 μmol/L increased to 22.63 μmol/L and 25.35 μmol/L. The endogenous fluorescence spectrum indicates that the higher the temperature, the more tryptophan residues are present in the slurry. The mass of yuba at 100 and 150 W increased from 4.09 g to 5.26 g and 5.08 g, the elasticity increased from 0.08 mm to 0.16 mm and 0.13 mm, and the cooking loss rate decreased from 13.28% to 7.51% and 8.02%, among which the texture characteristics of yuba at 100 W increased significantly, and the cooking loss rate decreased significantly. [Conclusion] Thermo ultrasonic treatment can improve the physical and chemical properties of mung bean milk liquid and the quality characteristics of yuba.

Abstract:[Objective] This study aimed to improve the processing characteristics of collagen. [Methods] Using pig skin collagen and enzymatic hydrolysis pig skin collagen (H-PC) as a control, the antioxidant, emulsification, and other functional properties of the complex after enzymatic hydrolysis and glycosylation (HG-PC) were analyzed. The structure of HG-PC was studied by UV-VIS spectrum, fluorescence spectrum, and Fourier infrared spectrum. [Results] The results showed that compared with PC and H-PC, the DPPH free radical scavenging rate, water retention, emulsification, emulsification stability, foaming stability, and foaming stability of HG-PC were significantly increased (P＜0.05). While the oil retention, surface hydrophobicity, and turbidity of HG-PC were significantly decreased (P＜0.05). The UV absorption intensity of HG-PC was increased, and the fluorescence intensity was decreased, the protein secondary structure of which was destroyed. [Conclusion] The synergistic modification of enzymatic hydrolysis and glycosylation can significantly change the properties of PC, and the synergistic modification effect is better than single modification.

Abstract:[Objective] In order to compare the ability of optical characteristic parameters [absorption coefficient （μ_a） and approximate scattering coefficient （μ′_s）] to identify adulterated tea oil and to explore the enhancement effect of the combination of extraction methods on the model to achieve a faster and more accurate identification of different kinds of adulterated oils. [Methods] In this study, vegetable oils were used as experimental materials to prepare adulterated tea oils with different mass fractions. Different preprocessing methods were used to preprocess the optical characteristic parameter data, followed by feature band extraction and subsequent establishment of a Random Forest （RF） qualitative identification model. [Results] After CRAS and UVE-CARS feature extraction, the identification accuracies of the models built using μ_a and μ′_s were 95.65%, 95.65%, and 98.55%, 97.10%, respectively. The combined extraction method （UVE-CARS） resulted in an improvement of at least 1.45 percentage points in the identification results of the models compared with the CARS feature extraction method. [Conclusion] The identification of different adulterated types of tea oil can be realized more quickly and accurately by using μ_a. The combined extraction method can effectively improve the identification ability of the model.

Abstract:[Objective] To develop an efficient electrochemical method for the rapid detection of cadmium and lead ions （Cd²⁺ and Pb²⁺） in rice samples. [Methods] Designed a portable electrochemical sensor utilizing a disposable screen printed electrode and anodic stripping voltammetry with an isoplated bismuth electrode. This setup was further optimized through square wave voltammetry （SWV）, cyclic voltammetry （CV）, and chronocurrent methods （I-T）. [Results] The proposed approach exhibited outstanding performance with a linear detection range of 20 to 80 μg/L for Cd²⁺ and 10 to 80 μg/L for Pb²⁺. The LOD of the cadmium ion were 1.201 0 μg/L, the LOD of the lead ion were 0.963 9 μg/L. [Conclusion] Our newly established electrochemical sensor for heavy metal detection in rice offers high sensitivity, ease of operation, rapid analysis, and aligns with environmentally friendly practices.

Abstract:[Objective] A method for the simultaneous determination of arsenate [As(Ⅲ)], Arsenate [As(Ⅴ)], monomethylarsenate (MMA), dimethylarsenate (DMA), Arsine betaine (AsB), methyl-selenocysteine (MeSeCys) and selenomide in food was developed by high performance liquid phase inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (HPLC-ICP-MS), and a total of 10 kinds of arsenic and selenium element forms of As and Se, including acid (SeMet), selenocysteine (SeCys2), selenite [Se(Ⅳ)] and selenate \. [Methods] Taking selenium rich rice as the research object, the best extraction method was determined by comparing different extraction methods and different kinds of enzymes. Moreover, different chromatographic columns, mobile phase composition, mobile phase pH, mobile phase flow, mobile phase methanol content and column temperature were compared to determine the best extraction and separation conditions. [Results] The optimal separation conditions were using Aglient ZORBAX SB-Aq chromatographic column with 20 mmol/L citric acid + 5 mmol/L sodium hexane sulfonate + 4% methanol as the mobile phase gradient with pH values of 4.0 and 6.0 respectively. Elution was performed at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min, and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) was detected using HEHe mode. The optimal extraction condition is Tris-HCl (pH 7.5) buffer solution adding 15 mg proteinase K and 15 mg proteinase E. This method can completely separate 10 different forms of arsenic and selenium within 5 minutes. In the range of 0～50 μg/L, the linear relationship between the forms of each element is good, and the correlation coefficient R>0.999 5. The detection limits of As(Ⅴ), MMA, As(Ⅲ), DMA, AsB, Se(Ⅵ), Se(Ⅳ), SeCys2, MeSeCys and SeMet are 0.10, 0.10, 0.12, 0.14, 0.22, 0.15, 0.15, 0.18, 0.12, 0.15 μg/L respectively. The spiked recovery rate ranged from 76.0% to 104.2%, and the relative standard deviation ranged from 1.1% to 8.5%. [Conclusion] This method is simple, fast, highly sensitive and fully meets the requirements for accurate quantitative analysis of arsenic and selenium speciation in selenium-rich foods.

Abstract:[Objective] This study aims to realize the simultaneous determination of fungicide residues in vegetables and fruits. [Methods] A liquid chromatography-tandem quadrupole composite linear ion TRAP-mass spectrometry (LC-QTRAP-MS/MS) method was established for the simultaneous determination of fungicide residues in fruits and vegetables. The samples were salted out with sodium acetate and anhydrous magnesium sulfate in an acetonitrile solution containing 0.1% acetic acid, magnesium sulfate, ethylenediamine-n-propyl silanized silica gel (PSA), octadecylsilane bonded silica gel (HC-C₁₈) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were used for purification. Mass spectrometry was conducted utilizing the enhanced ion scanning mode (MRM-IDA-EPI) and spectral library retrieval technology. The compounds were quantified using an external standard approach, comparing the retention time, ion pairs, and EPI spectral library retrieval. [Results] The 43 kinds of fungicides had a good linear relationship in the mass concentration range of 0.2~5.0 μg/L and 2.5~50.0 μg/L (R²>0.99). The limit of detection (LOD) was 0.1~5.0 μg/kg, and the limit of quantification (LOQ) was 0.4~10.0 μg/kg. The recoveries of the 43 kinds of fungicides were 65.1%～119.8% at three concentration levels, and the relative standard deviations were 0.8%～13.0%. [Conclusion] The established method is rapid, simple, and highly qualitative, and can be used for the screening, confirming and quantitative detection of 43 kinds of fungicides in fruits and vegetables.

Abstract:[Objective] Designing a apace grid-based hand-eye calibration method to reduce robot positioning errors and calibration object Recognition errors in automated food production lines. [Methods] Based on the composition of the attitude matrix, the attitude and position of the end of the robot relative to the camera were obtained by translating and rotating the end of the robot, and a registration method using known corresponding point pairs was proposed to reduce the influence of the robot positioning error on the attitude solution in the translation method. Based on the space circle fitting method, a two-point vector method was proposed to solve the end position, which reduced the amount of data collection. A method of fitting the center of the sphere was proposed to compensate for the result of hand-eye calibration. [Results] The average measured error after calibration is 0.8 mm. [Conclusion] The hand-eye system based on the Eye-In-Hand type, can realize high-precision object positioning.

Abstract:[Objective] Solve the problems of poor control accuracy and adaptability in the Delta robot flexible gripper grasping method. [Methods] This article took the Delta robot flexible gripper as the research object and proposed a Delta robot flexible gripper grasping method that combined multiple models and improved whale algorithm. Established a stable grasping optimization model to seek the optimal contact position on the surface of the grasping object. Established a non-destructive grasping optimization model to minimize contact force while ensuring stable grasping of objects. Combine particle swarm optimization algorithm and whale algorithm to solve the model. The superiority of the proposed grasping method had been verified through experiments. [Results] The proposed method not only had good control accuracy, but also could adapt to objects of different shapes and sizes, with high flexibility and adaptability, success rate of grasping was greater than 96%, grasping damage rate was 0. [Conclusion] The proposed method effectively improves the performance of the Delta robot flexible gripper gripping method and is suitable for sorting fruits, vegetables, and fragile items.

Abstract:[Objective] To meet the requirements of constant and adjustable rotation speed of rolling barrel and constant rotation speed of rolling barrel when tea is rolled. [Methods] The 6CR-55 single-column disc twisting machine was used as the research object in this paper. Fuzzy control algorithm and PWM closed-loop control method were investigated to study the stable control of rotating speed of rolling drum, and established the mathematical model of rotating speed control system of rolling drum based on the STM32 single-chip microcontroller. The simulation experiments of uncorrected, PID and fuzzy PID algorithm control system were carried out by MATLAB. [Results] Compared with uncorrected control and PID control, the output speed of the fuzzy PID speed control system was more stable and accurate, and the anti-interference ability was stronger. The speed error was controlled within 3 r/min. [Conclusion] The fuzzy PID control method can meet the requirement for the constant and adjustable rotating speed of the rolling drum during tea rolling, and improve the rate of tea forming and cell breakage.

Abstract:[Objective] By studying the relationship between the operating parameters of the polishing machine, the motion patterns of rice grains, and the generation of broken rice rates, to seek the basis for optimal parameter control of the polishing machine. [Methods] By analyzing the motion process of rice grains in the polishing chamber, conducting full-factorial experiments, and applying Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) to analyze the trajectory of rice grain movement, clarifiied the relationship between the motion status of rice grains, the rate of broken rice, and the rotational speed of the polishing machine as well as the opening degree of the pressure gate. [Results] When the pressure gate aperture was set to 20 mm, no coherent motion pattern wwas observed within the experimental range of machine speeds, rendering the rice polishing ineffective. In contrast, with a pressure gate aperture of 4 mm and machine speeds ranging from 600 to 1 400 revolutions per minute, the rice grains exhibited an alternating motion pattern characterized by a relatively small spiral angle and the occurrence of regions with varying velocities. Furthermore, under the condition of a pressure gate aperture of 8 mm and a machine speed of 1 400 r/min, the rice grains demonstrated an alternating motion pattern in regions of high and low velocities (with a velocity difference exceeding 3 m/s). In both of these scenarios, excessive friction and pressure leaded to a high rate of broken rice (exceeding 4%). In the remaining experimental conditions, characterized by appropriate pressure gate apertures and machine speeds, the rice grains exhibited a moderately sized spiral angle in alternating regions of high and low velocities (with a velocity difference of 2～3 m/s). This configuration resulted in a broken rice rate ranging from 2% to 4%, indicative of favorable polishing effects. [Conclusion] The motion patterns formed by rice grains and the resulting broken rice rates vary under different operating conditions. Under suitable opening degree of the pressure gate and rotational speed, rice grains exhibit appropriate motion patterns and achieve better polishing effects.

Abstract:[Objective] In order to solve the problem of uniformity of ice crystal distribution in the process of ice slurry filling. [Methods] Taking broccoli as the research object, the physical model of packing broccoli in carton was established, and the effects of ice filling speed and ice filling Angle on ice crystal distribution uniformity during the ice filling process were analyzed by CFD simulation, so as to determine appropriate ice filling process parameters. [Results] The ice-filling speed and filling angle significantly impact the uniformity of ice crystal distribution. Both excessively low and high ice-filling speeds were detrimental to achieving uniform ice distribution. Tilting the filling angle results in inadequate coverage of fluidized ice on the upper layers of broccoli within the container. [Conclusion] Maintaining a horizontal angle and an ice-filling speed of 3 m/s yields the most uniform distribution of ice crystals, meeting the pre-cooling requirements for broccoli and enabling a certain duration of low-temperature storage.

Abstract:[Objective] The influence of different storage temperatures on the quality and total number of microbial colonies of Premna microphylla Turez jelly was studied, and the shelf-life prediction model based on quality indexes and the total number of colonies were established. [Methods] P. microphylla Turez jelly were stored at temperatures of 1, 4, 10, 15, 20 and 25 ℃, and the hardness, adhesiveness, springiness, chewiness, water holding capacity and total number of colonies were regularly measured. The influence of different temperatures on the quality indexes and the total number of colonies were discussed, and the fitting equations of each monitoring index were determined. According to the quality indexes and total number of colonies of P. microphylla Turez jelly, P. microphylla Turez jelly's shelf-life prediction model was established by combining the Arrhenius model and Belehradck model. [Results] The results show that the different storage temperature has no significant change in springiness, while the storage temperature has a significant effect on the hardness, adhesiveness, chewiness, water-holding capacity, and total number of colonies. The zero-level response equation was the best fit for the change in water holding capacity of P. microphylla Turez jelly, with an average fit of 0.978. On the influence of hardness, viscosity, and chewability, the first-order reaction had the best fitting, and the average fitting degree was 0.967, 0.904, and 0.977, respectively. The Logistics equation had the best fitting effect on the total number of colonies of P. microphylla Turez jelly, and the average fitting was 0.992. Five shelf-life prediction models were validated under the storage temperature of 3 ℃. The relative errors between the measured and predicted values were 7.50%, 8.13%, 4.38%, 5.00%, and 3.75%, respectively, with good prediction results. [Conclusion] The models can effectively predict the shelf life of P. microphylla Turez jelly under storage conditions from 1 ℃ to 25 ℃.

Abstract:[Objective] To establish a nondestructive detection method for fruit appearance. [Methods] Nectarines were used as the research subject. The IQQU3 smart phone camera was used to capture the picture data, which was then preprocessed. The image annotation program Labelimg was used to label the data. Panning, left-right flipping, and mirror flipping were used to enlarge the data. Using an ratio of 8∶2, the enlarged photos were split into training and test sets. Lastly, the data was trained for 150 epochs using five YOLOv8 models （n, s, m, l, x）. The training results of the five models were compared and analyzed in order to determine which detection model was the best. [Results] The nectarine dataset was constructed, there were 4,205 total photos; YOLOv8 （n, s, m, l, x） the total loss values in the training set were 2.275, 1.778, 1.482, 1.880, and 1.401, respectively, The total loss values of the test set were 2.724, 2.253, 2.057, 2.105, and 2.004, respectively; YOLOv8 （n, s, m, l, x） precision were 94.0%, 98.0%, 97.4%, 97.3%, 97.9%, respectively, The recall were 95.4%, 95.5%, 95.9%, 96.9%, and 96.9%, respectively. In a comprehensive comparison YOLOv8s was the better model, and the average detection accuracy mAP_0.5 was 97.8%. The average precision of fresh, bruise and scar were 96.2%, 98.8% and 98.4%, respectively. The inference time and calculation amount （GFLOPs） were 179.4 ms and 28.4 respectively. [Conclusion] YOLOv8 can effectively detect the quality of fruit appearance, which can be used for non-destructive testing of fruit appearance, and this study can provide new ideas for non-destructive testing of fruits.

Abstract:[Objective] Aiming at the problems of low accuracy and poor robustness in the previous classification methods based on artificial features. [Methods] A strong generalization automatic classification method of potato shape and size was proposed in this study. First, two potato ViT models were built based on Transformer model to complete potato shape grading and size grading tasks in parallel. Secondly, a robust model was trained by using migration strategy and data augmentation method. Finally, the effectiveness of this method in potato grading was verified by quantitative analysis of test sets. [Results] The experimental results show that the potato ViT model achieves 96.36% and 94.75% for potato shape classification, and 89.66% and 85.16% for size grading in terms of accuracy and μ_F1 index. The classification accuracy was better than VGG16, ResNet50 and MobileNetV3 network models. [Conclusion] The results shows that it is feasible to apply the proposed method for the real-time and accurate detection of potato shape and size. The results of this study can provide theoretical and technical support for potato intelligent grading.

Abstract:[Objective] Achieving non-destructive testing of sub-healthy watercore apples. [Methods] First, the logarithmic function method and the power function method proposed by this study were used to correct the sample spectra. Subsequently, the corrected data were converted into different images of gramian angular difference field (GADF), gramian angular summation field (GASF), markov transition field (MTF), recurrence plot (RP), symmetric dot pattern (SDP). Then, the ResNet50 network model with the convolutional block attention module (CBAM) was used to mine the deep image features related to the degree of watercore, which were downscaled by the t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding (t-SNE) method and analyzed by clustering to determine the most suitable image transformation method. Finally, the most suitable image features were inputted into the improved particle swarm algorithm (IPSO) optimized support vector machine (SVM), extreme learning machine (ELM), k-nearest neighbour (KNN) and random forest (RF) classifier for the three-class classification of watercore apple. [Results] The results showed that the power function method was better than the logarithmic function method in eliminating the effect of diameter on the transmission spectrum. The silhouette coefficient (SC), the calinski harabasz score (CHS), and the davies- bouldin index (DBI) were 0.93, 0.88 and 0.24 after visualization of the image features in the GADF, better than the rest of the image transformation methods. ResNet50-IPSO-ELM achieved the highest classification accuracy of 96.8%. The overall discrimination accuracy of the three watercore classes apples in the test set reached 96.3%, and the stable precision (SP), stable recall (SR), and stable F₁-score (SF) were 87.2%, 95.8%, and 92.3%, respectively. [Conclusion] The model maintains a high classification accuracy for the majority class of apples without watercore and healthy apples with watercore and a high discriminatory ability for the minority class of sub-healthy apples with watercore.

Abstract:[Objective] This study aimed to investigate the effects of high fat diet and high fat and high fructose diet on uric acid level and liver and kidney function in hyperuricemia (HUA) rats. [Methods] 24 rats were randomly divided into control group, model group, high-fat diet group and high-fat and high-fructose diet group. All rats were fed with the corresponding diets, except the control group, 500 mg/kg potassium oxazinate and 100 mg/kg adenine per day. After 6 weeks, serum biochemical indexes such as uric acid and creatinine were determined, and pathological examination of kidney and liver was performed. [Results] The uric acid content of control group, model group, high-fat diet group and high-fat high-fructose diet group were 118.10, 319.05, 325.71, 456.10 μmol/L, respectively. The levels of uric acid and creatinine in the high-fat diet group were not significantly different from those in the model group, but the kidney injury and liver fat accumulation were more serious. The uric acid in the high-fat and high-fructose group was significantly higher than that in the model group, and the degree of kidney injury and liver fat accumulation was more serious than that in the model group. [Conclusion] High-fat diet cannot further increase the uric acid content of HUA rats, but can aggravate the liver and kidney damage of HUA rats. High-fat and high-fructose diet will further increase the uric acid content of HUA rats, and aggravate kidney injury and liver fat accumulation. Hyperuricemia group should pay attention to control the intake of dietary fat and fructose.

Abstract:[Objective] A solid beverage with antialcoholic function was developed by the raw materials of tangerine peel, hawthorn and Pueraria lobata, which had the same origin as food and medicine, and explore its protective effect on mice with acute alcoholic liver injury. [Methods] The dry paste rate and total flavone content were used as the indexes，the extraction process was selected by orthogonal test. The single factor method was used to optimize the forming process with the indexes of sensory evaluation, shaping rate and solubility. A mouse model of acute alcoholic liver injury was established by administering 52% alcohol. The liver index, aspartate aminotransferase （AST） and serum alanine aminotransferase （ALT） in serum, as well as total cholesterol （TC）, triglyceride （TG）, superoxide dismutase （SOD）, malondialdehyde （MDA）, glutathione （GSH）, the inflammatory factor IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α in liver tissue were measured. The pathological changes of the liver were observed by hematoxylin-eosin （HE） staining. [Results] The optimal preparation process of tangerine peel composite solid beverage: three herbs were soaked for 30 minutes and extracted twice. The first solid-liquid ratio was 1∶12 （g/mL） and the extraction time was 2.0 h, and the second solid-liquid ratio was 1∶10 （g/mL） and the extraction time was 1.5 h. And then combined the two extracts. After concentration, drying and crushing, dry paste powder was obtained, mixed with maltodextrin in a 1∶1 ratio, added 1.0% mogroside, and used 90% ethanol as wetting agent for wet granulation. The results of animal experiments show that: compared with model group, the levels of AST, ALT, TG, TC, MDA, IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α were reduced （P＜0.01, P＜0.05） by the pretreatments with tangerine peel composite solid beverage, and the levels of GSH, SOD were increased （P＜0.01）. The histopathological sections of the liver showed significant improvement in the degree of hepatic injury in the administered mice. [Conclusion] tangerine peel composite solid beverage has uniform color, good solubility, moderate sweetness and delicate taste, and has good protective effect on acute alcoholic liver injury.

Abstract:[Objective] To investigate the effect of β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate （HMβ） supplementation on muscle protection in taekwondo players during training. [Methods] 18 male subjects above the second level of the Taekwondo special Team who voluntarily participated in the experiment were recruited and divided into experimental and control groups （9 each） according to the conditions. The experimental group consumed one sachet （25 g/bag, the amount of HMβ added was 500 mg/bag） of HMβ-added milk powder before and after training （with a break of more than 30 min） in the morning and afternoon from Monday to Saturday, while the control group consumed the same amount of commercially available regular milk powder. Blood samples were collected before and after the intervention and on Monday mornings to analyze the changes in biochemical indicators, and quantitative tests of Taekwondo-specific abilities were performed before and after the experiment. [Results] Compared with the control group, the experimental group did not see significant changes in the pro-inflammatory factor interleukin-6, plasma glutamine levels were significantly increased （P<0.05）, and plasma glycine levels did not see a significant decrease after intervention; Myoglobin was significantly decreased in the experimental group after intervention （P<0.05）, and serum levels of total cholesterol, triglyceride, and LDL cholesterol were significantly lower than those of the control group （P<0.05）. The decrease of blood urea nitrogen was smaller than that of the control group; The number of 20-second in situ knee lifts and the number of 30-second tuck jumps in the experimental group were both improved and increased more than that of the control group. [Conclusion] HMβ supplementation during training can exert protective functions by reducing inflammation, improving immune function, maintaining muscle membrane stability, increasing nitrogen stores, and strengthening muscle remodeling ability, improving muscle adaptability to training to ensure their competitive status.

Abstract:[Objective] This study aimed to optimize the fermentation process of quinoa-haskap complex fruit fermentation supernatant and develop anti-exercise fatigue food with high nutritional value. [Methods] Using black quinoa and haskap as raw materials, yeast combined with Lactobacillus for collaborative fermentation, the fermentation process conditions of composite fermentation juice were optimized by single factor and orthogonal test, and its anti-exercise fatigue effect on mice was deeply investigated based on animal experiments. [Results] The optimum fermentation conditions of quinoa-indigo fruit complex juice were as follows: initial pH 4.0, fermentation time 32 h, fermentation temperature 37 ℃, white sugar content 8%, and the activity of superoxide dismutase in the fermentation product was 253.49 U/mL. In vitro antioxidant tests showed that composite quinoa-haskap complex fermented supernatant had strong antioxidant effect and proportional to the concentration of antioxidant. The results of animal experiments demonstrated that different doses of quinoa-haskap fruit complex juice fermented supernatant prolonged exhaustive swimming time of mice, significantly reduced serum urea nitrogen and other indexes, and significantly increased liver and muscle glycogen reserves (P＜0.05). [Conclusion] The supernatant of quinoa and haskap fruit complex juice under optimal fermentation conditions has strong antioxidant activity and can improve the exercise endurance of mice.

Abstract:[Objective] This study aimed to realize the high value-added resource utilization of walnut production waste. [Methods] Ultrasonic assisted tartaric acid was used to extract pectin from walnut peel. The extraction process was optimized by response surface test, and its lipid-lowering ability and antioxidant activity were analyzed. [Results] Under the control of the conditions of ultrasonic power of 300 W, ultrasonic temperature of 95 ℃, ultrasonic time of 27 minutes, liquid to material ratio of 19∶1 （mL/g）, and pH of 2, the yield of walnut green peel pectin was the highest, reaching 25.92 mg/g. Walnut green peel pectin had good adsorption capacity for cholesterol, binding capacity for bile salts, and inhibitory effect on pancreatic lipase. Walnut green peel pectin also had strong antioxidant effects. When the concentration was 2 mg/mL, the clearance rates of hydroxyl radicals, DPPH radicals, and ABTS radicals reached （78.74±0.58）%, （91.56±1.27）%, and （97.89±0.72）%, respectively. [Conclusion] High-quality walnut green peel pectin could be obtained by optimizing the ultrasonic assisted tartaric acid extraction process. This pectin had good lipid-lowering function and antioxidant activity, and can be used as natural pectin resources for further research and development.

Abstract:[Objective] To improve the production efficiency of the oligosaccharide industry. [Methods] Isomaltooligosaccharides 50 syrup was used as the raw material, and purified by sequential simulated moving bed chromatography. Potassium ion resin was selected as the suitable separation medium by preparative chromatography single column experiment. Then, based onthe principle of material balance and the basic principle of sequential simulated moving bed, the initial operating parameters of separation process were approximately established. Further the separation conditions were optimized. [Results] The best technical parameters were as follows: feed refraction was 60% and column temperature was 65 ℃. At the same time quantity of flow in the entrance and eluent were 455 mL/h and 682 mL/h, respectively. The velocity of flow in the entrance and eluent were 37.4 mL/min and 29.6 mL/min, respectively. Besides, the circulating flow was kept within 364 mL/h. Finally, the outlet refraction of isomaltooligosaccharides was 20.40% with the purity of 90.20% and the yield of 85.50%. [Conclusion] The sequential simulated moving bed chromatographic separation equipment independently developed by the laboratory can efficiently purify isomaltooligosaccharides.

Abstract:[Objective] This study aimed to improve the quality of Yanbian yellow beef during storage. [Methods] Yanbian yellow cattle eye meat and buttocks were used as experimental materials. Low frequency and high intensity (power 360 W, frequency 40 kHz) ultrasound technology was used to treat beef, and the effects of different ultrasound treatment time (0, 40, 60, 80 min) on the physical and chemical properties of beef during 10 days of storage were investigated. [Results] Extending ultrasonication treatment time significantly decreased the shear stress and redness value of beef (P＜0.05). Moreover, the analysis of myofibrils in beef after ultrasonic treatment showed that the microfibril fragmentation index increased significantly with the extension of ultrasonic time (P＜0.05). [Conclusion] Ultrasonic treatment for 80 min resulted in the lowest shear stress, the highest MFI and the best tenderness.

Abstract:[Objective] This study aimed to improve the organic selenium content of quinoa seeds and develop high-quality Se-rich quinoa food raw materials. [Methods] Using Qingbaili No. 1 quinoa as raw material and sodium selenite as a selenium source, the selenium-enriched germination process conditions of quinoa were optimized through one-way experiments combined with orthogonal experiments. The soluble protein, polyphenol content, and antioxidant capacity of selenium-enriched quinoa were further analyzed. [Results] The optimal process conditions for selenium-enriched germination of quinoa were sodium selenite solution concentration of 20 mg/L, soaking temperature of 25 ℃, soaking time of 6 h, soaking solution pH of 7.0, germination time of 48 h, and germination temperature of 20 ℃. Under these conditions, the organic selenium content of selenium-enriched germinated quinoa was 349.52 μg/kg. Selenium-enriched sprouted quinoa had the highest content of free phenols (236.35 mg/100 g) and bound phenols (198.31 mg/100 g), and control deionized water germinated quinoa had the highest content of soluble protein (22.18%). Notably, the antioxidant activities of soluble protein, free phenols, and bound phenols in selenium-rich germinated quinoa were the strongest, followed by those in control deionized water germinated quinoa, and untreated quinoa was relatively the lowest. [Conclusion] Se-enriched germination can significantly increase the contents of organic selenium, soluble protein and polyphenols, and enhance the antioxidant capacity of Quinoa.

Abstract:[Objective] To improve the drying quality of pumpkins. [Methods] This study conducted experiments on hot air drying, vacuum drying, and combined hot air-vacuum drying, these drying characteristics were evaluated and compared based on unit energy consumption, rehydration ratio, and color difference indicators. Combining BP neural network model with genetic algorithm, combined with entropy weight and weighted scoring method, a multi-objective comprehensive optimization was carried out for the combined hot air-vacuum drying of pumpkins. [Results] Under the same conditions, the highest drying efficiency was hot air drying; And the findings revealed that at drying temperatures was 55 ℃, with a moisture content transition point of 30%, the combined drying method reduced the drying time by 52.63%, compared to vacuum drying. The lowest unit energy consumption was vacuum drying; The worst rehydration performance was hot air drying. The best color was vacuum drying. The optimal drying parameters determined by the genetic algorithm combined with a BP neural network model were a hot air drying temperature of 65 ℃, conversion point moisture content of 50%, and vacuum drying temperature of 56.050 9 ℃. Verification experiments demonstrated that the average relative errors between the genetic algorithm optimized values and the experimental values for unit energy consumption, rehydration ratio, and color difference were 2.5%, 5.53%, and 4.84%, respectively, all lower than 6%. [Conclusion] The combined hot air-vacuum drying of pumpkin integrates the advantages of both hot air drying and vacuum drying, and combined with BP neural network genetic algorithm model can optimize the process parameters for pumpkin hot air vacuum drying.

Abstract:[Objective] This study aimed to optimize the process of deep eutectic solvent extraction of flavonoids from exocarpium Citri grandis and to evaluate its antioxidant activity. [Methods] The type of deep eutectic solvent system, the water content of deep eutectic solvent, material-to-liquid ratio, extraction temperature, and extraction time were selected as experimental variables, and the yield of flavonoids was used as response variables to conduct single factor experiment. Then the single factors with significant differences were screened to optimize the process of deep eutectic solvent extraction of exocarpium C. grandis flavonoids by response surface methods. Finally, the scavenging ability of exocarpium C. grandis flavonoid extract on DPPH radicals, ABTS radicals, and hydroxyl radicals was explored to analyze the antioxidant activity. [Results] The highest yield of exocarpium C. grandis flavonoid was obtained by the choline chloride-glycol system. The yield of flavonoids was significantly impacted by the deep eutectic solvent's water content, the material-to-liquid ratio, and the extraction temperature. The response surface method was used to determine the ideal flavonoid extraction procedure, which included the deep eutectic solvent's water content of 43%, the material-to-liquid ratio of 1∶21 (g/mL), and the extraction temperature of 60 ℃. The yield of exocarpium C. grandis flavonoids was (19.31±0.47) mg/g. The results of antioxidant activity showed that the concentration for 50% of maximal effect values of DPPH radical, ABTS radical, and hydroxyl radical scavenging were (117.61±1.71), (36.91±0.46), (387.52±1.85) μg/mL. [Conclusion] The extraction of exocarpium C. grandis flavonoids using deep eutectic solvent resulted in significantly higher yields compared with conventional water and ethanol method. These flavonoid extracts had potential as a source of natural antioxidants.

Abstract:In recent years, with the emergence of resistance to traditional antibiotics and the growing interest in the development of natural antimicrobials, natural antimicrobial peptides have received extensive attention. Among them, plant-derived antimicrobial peptides have the characteristics of low drug resistance, wide antibacterial spectrum and low toxicity, and because of rich cysteine residues, they can form multiple disulfide bonds, so they have high chemical, thermal and enzymatic hydrolysis stability. In this paper, the classification of plant antimicrobial peptides and the methods of extracting and screening antimicrobial peptides from plant sources were reviewed. The potential applications of plant antimicrobial peptides in the field of food were emphasized, and the screening and future applications of these plant antimicrobial peptides in the field of food were prospected.

Abstract:Antibacterial peptides have unique antibacterial mechanisms different from antibiotics, which are safe and less likely to cause bacterial resistance. Antibacterial peptides have significant advantages and extremely broad application prospects, which have the potential to become one of the widely used antimicrobial substances in the food industry. Currently, Nisin is allowed as food preservative. However, the promotion and application of antimicrobial peptides are still limited by high production costs, single antibacterial activity, and poor stability. The use of compound preservative technology and coating preservation technology can effectively improve the antibacterial efficiency by combining antimicrobial peptides with other natural preservatives. In addition, recombinant expression technology is the most economically valuable and scientifically effective way to achieve large-scale production of antimicrobial peptides, and the stability of antimicrobial peptides can be achieved through artificial intelligence design and optimization of their structure. This review summarizes the current application status and biosynthesis research progress of antimicrobial peptides in the food industry, and puts forward thoughts and suggestions on the existing problems and research prospects.

Abstract:Gardenia fruit oil is an edible vegetable oil extracted from gardenia fruit, which possesses various health benefits including antioxidation, anti-inflammation, anti-cancer, anti-depressant, and liver protection. Its unsaturated fatty acids account for more than 70% of the total fatty acids, and it also contains phenolic acids, tocopherols, phytosterols and other active components. In this review, the extraction process, nutritional composition and health effects of gardenia fructus oil were systematically introduced, and the key work that should be focused on the high-value utilization of gardenia fructus oil in food, cosmetics and biomedicine was prospected.

Abstract:Based on recent domestic and foreign research results, the health care function and fruit wine development of Aronia melanocarpa were reviewed. The types and technology research progress of the fruit wine were emphasized, and the challenges and opportunities of current development of the fruit wine were analyzed.

Abstract:The extraction and purification methods of polysaccharides from edible fungi determine their structure, which in turn affects their biological activity, and is the basis of research on edible fungi polysaccharides. Some specific structural features make the biological activity of edible mushroom polysaccharides significantly enhanced. Therefore, researchers have used physical, biological and chemical methods to modify the molecular structure of edible mushroom polysaccharides to improve their biological activity. The review introduced the extraction, purification and structural modification methods of edible fungi polysaccharides. The advantages and disadvantages of extraction, purification of polysaccharides from edible fungi, and the effects of chemical modification on their structure and biological activity were summarized. The importance of appropriate extraction and purification methods for obtaining the target polysaccharides and the importance of chemical modification methods for changing the molecular structure and improving the functional properties and biological activities of polysaccharides from edible fungi were prospected.