Abstract:Objective: This study aimed to explore the effect of group changes at the third position of the benzene ring of ferulic acid （FA） on the bitterness inhibition effect of branched chain amino acids and their flavor characteristics. Methods: FA and its phenyl ring substituted derivatives were synthesized and their structures were identified by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and mass spectrometry. The electronic tongue test was used to evaluate the improvement in the bitter taste of branched-chain amino acids by FA and its derivatives, including bitterness inhibition rate, self-flavor, and the effect on other tastes. Results: The results showed that FA and its phenyl ring substituted derivatives exhibited certain bitterness inhibition effects on branched-chain amino acids, and the bitterness inhibition effect of FA was superior to that of other derivatives at different addition amounts except for the A₄ （—F） derivative, which had a similar bitterness inhibition effect on valine as FA （—OCH₃） did. Conclusion: The size of molecular groups and strong electronegativity might be the key factors affecting the bitter inhibition effect, —OCH₃ at position 3 on the benzene ring showed the best bitter inhibition effect.

Abstract:Objective： To obtain excellent sensory and shelf life of crystallized honey. Methods： The process parameters of microbubble crystallized honey were prepared by mechanical stirring on laboratory scale. The physical properties of crystallized honey were changed by filling microbubble, and its thermal stability and physical properties were investigated. Results： For 200 g honey the optimized aerated parameters were as follows: the speed of the mixer, 2 600 r/min; the inflatable bubble time, 5 min; and the inlet flow rate, 6 L/min. The thermal stability time of the current improved product at 35 ℃ was increased by 41.51%, and while the hardness of it was reduced by 33%. Besides, the changes of physicochemical indexes were all within the prescribed range. Conclusion： Therefore, the microbubbles in texture can improve the heat resistance of the crystallized honey, and extend the shelf life effectively. At the same time, the crystal particles are fine and uniform, its color and taste of the product are also improved, keeping its original flavor of honey.

Abstract:Objective: To explore a green and efficient method for extracting chitin. Methods: The crayfish shells were crushed through three mesh sieves to obtain the raw material. Utilizing ultrasonic wave and citric acid and urea to remove calcium and protein from the sample, decolorize it with hydrogen peroxide, filter it, and then dry it to produce chitin products. The particle size of the chitin sample was analyzed by laser scattering particle size distribution analyzer. Infrared absorption characteristics were measured by an infrared spectrometer. Scanning electron microscopy was used to observe the apparent structure of the sample. Results: It was shown that the larger the mesh size, the higher the purity of the chitin product. The yield of chitin from 200 mesh crayfish shell powder increased to 43.93%, and the purity increased to 55.39%. The particle size of chitin samples obtained from shrimp shell powder of three mesh numbers after plasma treatment decreased from 340.05, 184.30, and 137.39 μm without plasma treatment to 195.95, 159.02, and 53.51 μm respectively. Infrared spectrum analysis showed that the crayfish shell powder treated by plasma-assisted ultrasonic-assisted weak acid and weak base method displayed the absorption characteristics of chitin and magenta, indicating that the main component of the treated sample was chitin. The scanning electron microscope results showed that the structure of the chitin sample was looser and the surface was uneven after plasma treatment. Multiple statistical analyses showed that screening and plasma treatment had a significant impact on the whole properties of chitin samples. Conclusion: In this study, plasma and ultrasonic-assisted weak acid and weak base extraction of chitin from crayfish shells can improve the traditional acid-base process, reduce the environmental pollution of acid-base reagents, and effectively improve the extraction rate and purity of chitin.

Abstract:Objective: This study aimed to investigate the quality differences among different hybrid enoki mushrooms （Flammulina filiformis） strains and breed new strains with high quality. Methods: Two different protoplast monocytes of yellow enoki mushrooms Fv1923 were used as one of the parents to cross with 6 enoki mushrooms protoplasts （2 yellow and 4 white strains）, and a total of 12 yellow hybrid strains were obtained. Principal component analysis and cluster analysis were used to evaluate the free amino acids of 12 hybrid strains, and the flavor diversity of different protoplast hybrid strains was also evaluated. Results: The average contents of essential amino acids, non-essential amino acids and total amino acids were 7.71, 22.83 and 30.54 mg/g, respectively. Methionine was the first limiting amino acid of strains F1, F11, F15, F16, F21, F29, F39, F41 and F42. The amino acid components in 12 hybrid strains had a strong correlation, and the cumulative variance contribution rate of the four principal components was 87.15%, which better reflected the comprehensive information of amino acids in hybrid strains. The top two strains in comprehensive scores were hybrid strains of Shangyan 1820 and Fv1923. Cluster analysis showed that 12 strains were divided into 6 groups, which was consistent with the results of principal component analysis and reflected the variety differences of free amino acids in different strains. Conclusion: There were significant differences in the composition and content of free amino acids inhybrid strains with different protoplast monocytes as parents.

Abstract:Objective: This study aimed to develop a new carrier system for food functional factors that can effectively regulate the release characteristics during processing, transportation, and storage. Methods: The interaction mechanism between gallic acid （GA） and epigallocatechin gallate （EGCG）, which were combined at different molar ratios （1∶0, 3∶1, 1∶1, 1∶3, 0∶1）, with heat-denatured whey protein isolate （HWPI） was investigated at various temperatures （298.2, 304.2, 310.2 K） using a fluorescence quenching method. Results: The results showed that compared with GA, EGCG had a stronger affinity for HWPI, and when they coexisted, they inhibited each other's binding to HWPI, resulting in decreased binding constants and reduced affinity. Pre-binding of EGCG to HWPI promoted the binding of low concentrations of GA to HWPI, but inhibited the binding of high concentrations of GA to HWPI, pre-binding of GA to HWPI inhibited further binding of EGCG to HWPI. The primary driving forces for binding GA, EGCG, and HWPI were ionic and hydrophobic forces. Compared with the single polyphenol system, the GA/EGCG （3∶1） system had increased ionic and hydrophobic forces in the HWPI reaction, while the GA/EGCG （1∶1） and GA/EGCG （1∶3） systems mainly used hydrophobic interactions as the driving force in the HWPI system. Conclusion: This study demonstrates a competitive relationship among GA, EGCG, and HWPI. The main interaction forces between GA/EGCG and HWPI depend on the composition ratio of the polyphenol complex. Compared to the binary system, the ternary system of GA/EGCG （3∶1） with HWPI exhibits the highest magnitude of ionic and hydrophobic interactions.

Abstract:Objective: To achieve the application of rice dreg glutelin in emulsions system. Methods: This paper selected alkali-heat modified rice dregs glutenin and span80 as emulsifiers to prepare W/O/W double emulsions by one-step emulsification method, and investigated the effect of protein concentration on the stability of double emulsions to provide the theoretical reference for the preparation of stable double emulsions by one-step emulsification. Results: When the protein mass fraction increased from 0.5% to 2.5%, the large particle size peak disappears in emulsion, the apparent viscosity and viscoelasticity of emulsions were improved, the centrifugal stability and storage stability were enhanced, enhanced dual structure of droplets in microstructure. When the protein mass fraction reached 2.5%, after centrifugation, the whey precipitation index decreased from 37.21% to 10.56%, and the layering time was extended from 6 hours to 96 h. Protein and span80 formed a composite membrane to jointly stabilize the oil-water interface, and formed an intermediate droplet. When the interface protein was enough to form a rigid boundary facial mask, the droplet changed from the intermediate state to a stable dual structure. When the protein mass fraction reached 3.0%, the flocculation of the double emulsions led to the reappearance of the large particle size peak, and the stability was reduced. After centrifugation, the emulsion index was 16.48%, and about 96 hours after preparation, the excess protein was partially involved in the construction of the internal phase droplets, and the other part was separately formed into W/O droplets and adsorbed on the outside of the large volume droplets. Conclusion: Under one-step emulsification method, when the protein content is 2.5%, stable double emulsions can be prepared.

Abstract:Objective: This study provided a new research direction for the detection of ofloxacin content. Methods: Using biomass reduction method to formulate a reduced graphene oxide-gold composite nanomaterials (rGO-AuNPs) , which had high surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) activity. The successful synthesis of rGO-AuNPs was demonstrated by ultraviolet visible spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy, respectively. The Raman enhancement factor (EF) of rGO-AuNPs was measured and calculated. Based on the SERS hot spot effect and the specific binding ability of nucleic acid aptamer, ofloxacin content detection system was established, the detection conditions were optimized, the standard curve was established, and apply it to OFL detection in pond water sample. Results: rGO-AuNPs composite nanomaterials was successfully synthesized by using Lilium casa blanca petals biomass as reductants. Gold nanoparticles were observed on reduced graphene oxide sheets and the EF was 3.88×10⁷. Additionally, SERS intensity had a good linear relationship with ofloxacin mass concentration in the range of 1 to 500 ng/mL, and the limit of detection was 0.3 ng/mL. The recovery was 96.28% to 102.84%, and the relative standard deviation was less than 10%. Conclusion: The synthesized rGO-AuNPs had high SERS activity and a positive application prospects in ofloxacin detection.

Abstract:Objective： To detect the level of parathion-methyl and parathion residues in different types of tea by high pressure liquid chromatography coupled with matrix solid phase dispersion. Methods： Before determined by high pressure liquid chromatography （HPLC）, the tea samples were pretreated by matrix solid phase dispersion method grinding with neutral alumina as dispersant and eluting by ethyl acetate: n-hexane （8%）. Results： The results showed that this method was simple, rapid and accurate, with good linearity （0.999 6 for parathion-methyl and 0.999 5 for parathion）, low detection limits （0.015, 0.006 mg/kg, respectively） and high recoveries （90.67% and 86.67%, respectively）. Incidence of parathion-methyl and parathion occurred with a frequency of 7.69% and 19.23%, and the average concentration of 0.004 8 mg/kg and 0.008 5 mg/kg, respectively. The residue levels varied from tea types. The corresponding average daily intake of parathion-methyl and parathion by drinking was 0.023 6 and 0.104 1 μg/（kg·d·BW）, respectively. Conclusion： The problem of methyl parathion and parathion residues in different tea samples was not prominent, and their residues did not exceed the standard. The detection probability and residue of parathion were higher than those of methyl parathion. The probability of parathion detection in oolong tea, black tea and green tea was higher, but the analysis data showed that there was no health risk problem caused by drinking tea for general consumers.

Abstract:Objective： A colloidal gold test strip method that can achieve on-site and rapid detection of cadmium elements in rice was established. Methods： Based on lateral immunochromatographic technology, the colloidal gold test strip was systematically optimized for a series of parameters that affect the detection performance. Results： The visual detection limit of cadmium in rice was reached at 10 ng/g with the colloidal gold test strip. In practical applications, the sample pretreatment process is simple, low concentration acid can be directly extracted and diluted for test strip detection. Conclusion: The colloidal gold test strip was suitable for on-site rapid screening ofcadmium in rice.

Abstract:Objective: Four arsenic species of arsenic in aquatic products were analyzed using ultrasonic-assisted extraction combined with high performance liquid chromatography-atomic fluorescence spectrometry （HPLC-AFS）. Methods: Four arsenic compounds were extracted ultrasonically from the samples using 50%（v/v） methanol-aqueous solution as extraction solvent. The chromatographic separation was performed on Hamilton PRP-X100 anion exchange column using a mixture of 15 mmol/L ammonium dihydrogen phosphate solution with the pH adjust to 6.0 as the mobile phase. Results: Under the optimized conditions, there were good linear relationships in the range of 0～100 μg/L for four arsenic compounds, with correlation coefficients all above 0.998. The limit of detection （LODs） of four arsenic species MMA, DMA,As（Ⅲ）,As（Ⅴ）were 0.82, 0.94, 1.10, 0.78 μg/L respectively. The relative standard deviations were in the range of 0.8%～3.7%. The recoveries ranged from 86.0% to 110.0%. Conclusion: This method is simple, accurate, sensitive, and low reagent consumption costs, can be used for the determination of the arsenic species in aquatic products.

Abstract:Objective: To solve the problems of low efficiency and poor motion stability of DELTA robots in the tomato sorting process of existing tomato processing production lines. Methods: Based on the analysis of the DELTA robot sorting system, the optimized gate shaped trajectory of the cyclotron was used for DELTA robot trajectory planning. By replacing the right angle part of the gate shaped trajectory with a convolutional line, an optimization model with the goal of time optimization was established. The optimized parameters of the gate shaped trajectory were solved using an improved ant colony optimization algorithm. Analyzed its performance through experiments. Results: The proposed method had better average sorting time and sorting success rate compared to the gate shaped trajectory and other methods, with an average sorting time reduction of 11.61% and 1.63%, respectively, and a sorting success rate increase of 2.05% and 0.56%. Conclusion: The proposed planning method effectively improves the sorting accuracy and efficiency of DELTA robots.

Abstract:Objective: To solve the problem of insufficient spectral information obtained by the fixed illumination angle of the near-infrared spectroscopy to detect the sugar content of fruits. Methods: A light angle adjustable device for the diffuse transmission near-infrared spectroscopy was designed to detect the sugar content of citrus based on the simplified model of the remote motion center of the light source. The device had carried out the structural performance analysis and the test of the citrus sugar under different illumination angles. Results: The adjustment range of the light angle of the device was set to 0°～60°. The displacement deviation between the center of the four light sources and the bullseye was the smallest （7.5 mm） at 60°. Under different illumination angles, the error between the average illumination angle of light source 2, 3 and 4 and the reference value of light source 1 was within 1°. When the illumination angle was 30°, the citrus sugar prediction model based on the original transmittance spectrum data had the best effect. At this time, the correlation coefficient of the prediction set, the root mean square error of the prediction set, the correlation coefficient of the correction set, and the root mean square error of the correction set were 0.887 6, 0.897 5, 0.456 0, 0.430 9 °Brix, respectively. Conclusion: The developed near-infrared spectroscopy detection device can automatically synchronize and adjust the angle of illumination of four light sources to align with the center of the fruit.

Abstract:Objective: In order to prevent the problem of small range electronic belt scale with inefficient method of traditional intermediate verification, low verification accuracy and security. Methods: A on-line intermediate check device was designed for small range electronic belt scale, which was composed of digital transmission control module and automatic loading module. Taking standard weight as input quantity, the upper computer controlled the manipulator to grab the weight onto the transmission belt to implement cyclic loading, then evaluated the measurement results and upload the evaluation results to the cloud. Results: After verification test and data analysis, for electronic belt weigher, it could ensure that the checking loading accuracy fluctuates within ±0.5% of the error range at two flow nodes of 1 440 kg/h and 3 600 kg/h. The remote control and loading process were stable, single verification test took about 3 minutes which was only one third of that of traditional methods. Conclusion: The download and upload of verification data are stable, cloud can monitor and warn the verification results in real time.

Abstract:Objective: To improve the mechanization of the initial processing of walnuts, and to solve the problems such as low stripping rate and high crushing rate in the process of green walnut peeling. Methods: A green walnut peeling device was designed which was integrated scraping and squeezing, rolling and cleaning. The mechanical and kinematic analysis of the peeling process of green walnuts, was made to establish a spatial force model of green walnuts combined with theoretical mechanics theory, and the key structural of system devices was designed. Based on the single-factor test, a three-factor, three-level orthogonal test was conducted with Design-Expert 13 to optimize the working parameters of the green pecan peeling device by taking the speed, the range of the spacing between the end of the rollers and the center distance as the influencing factors. Results: The optimal operating parameters of the green walnut peeling device were: rotational speed 64.54 r/min, distance between the ends of the rollers 41.7 mm, and center distance 9.44 mm. Under this condition the debarking rate was 91.92% and the crushing rate was 4.49%. Conclusion: The peeling device can meet the requirements of green walnut peeling production.

Abstract:Under the background of cultural and tourism integration, the article expounds on the necessity and solution of integrating local culture into local food packaging design. By exploring the logical relationship between local culture and packaging design, analyze successful food packaging design cases in the field of market consumption and cultural communication. It is pointed out that the main pain points of the integration of local culture into food packaging design at present are the breaking of the situation of locality and modernity, the transformation of local cultural heritage resources, the upgrading from daily to gift, and the stylization and rejuvenation. The breaking of the pain points is the only way to realize the virtuous circle of mutual promotion between product sales and cultural communication in the integration of culture and tourism.

Abstract:Cold chain logistics packaging technology is crucial for the operation of perishable food chains （such as meat, fish, dairy products, fruit and vegetable products） and certain products in the pharmaceutical industry （such as vaccines, biopharmaceuticals, and blood products）. In the future, the cold chain logistics packaging of fresh agricultural products will tend towards high-performance, environmentally friendly, and digital development. The article reviews the packaging technologies used in the cold chain logistics of fresh agricultural products in recent years. Analyzes the characteristics, use value, application scope, technical advantages and disadvantages of different packaging materials, and analyzes the potential cold chain logistics packaging technologies and materials for agricultural products, as well as the composite use of different packaging technologies, in order to explore the optimal packaging for different fresh agricultural products. Develop corresponding cold chain logistics packaging tailored to different fresh agricultural products, gradually abandoning packaging technologies with low recycling rates and poor performance. By increasing the frequency of recycling and reducing the cost of using high-performance materials, to reduce losses in the cold chain logistics of fresh agricultural products and achieve the goal of environmental friendliness.

Abstract:Objective: This study aimed to determine the optimal conditions for ultra-high pressure (HHP) cream cheese. Methods: The influence of non-thermal processing pressure on the texture, flavor and shelf life of homemade cream cheese were explored. By using the texture profile analysis (TPA), solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (SPME-GC-MS), and colony counting method, the texture, flavor substances, and microorganisms of cheese were identified and evaluated. Results: After HHP treatment, the hardness, adhesiveness, and resilience of cream cheese decreased. The springiness of cheese reached the highest at 300 MPa, significantly increasing by 14.0% (P<0.05). When the pressure is more than or equal to 400 MPa, the content and species of volatile substances in cheese are significantly reduced. Principal component analysis showed that 200 and 300 MPa treated cheese and unpressurized cheese were both in the first principal component area. After HHP treatment of artificially dyed cream cheese, the number of bacterial colonies decreased significantly (P<0.05), and the greater the treatment pressure, the better the bactericidal effect. When the HHP treatment pressure is greater than or equal to 300 MPa, the shelf life of cheese was effectively extended from 7 days to 21 days. Conclusion: The cream cheese treated by HHP has a good texture and original flavor while effectively extending the shelf life.

Abstract:Objective： This study aimed to improve the preservation properties of pullulan （PUL） coating and prepare preservation materials with sustained-release properties. Methods： GSE nanoparticles were prepared by grape seed extract （GSE）, chitosan and γ-polyglutamic acid. GSE nanoparticles of different quality were added to the PUL coating solution to prepare GSE nanoparticles/PUL coatings. The preservation properties of GSE nanoparticles/PUL coatings on salmon fillets were evaluated. Results： Compared with untreated fish fillets, the total number of bacteria in fish meat was reduced, and lipid oxidation and protein decomposition were delayed by 1.08% GSE nanoparticles/PUL coating. In addition, after fish fillets were treated with 1.08% GSE nanoparticles/PUR coating, the protein solubility was increased by 38.8%, and the activities of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase were increased by 4.02 U/mg and 0.20 U/g, respectively. Conclusion： The GSE nanoparticles/PUL coatings were prepared with good preservation properties, which can extend the shelf life of salmon fillets for 5~7 days.

Abstract:Objective: Improve the detection accuracy and efficiency of apple surface defects. Methods: An detection method for apple surface defects was established based on an improved convolutional neural network (CNN) and data augmentation method. Firstly, the classical CNN was improved to detect apple surface defects. Then, using the conditional generation adversarial network, the image data of surface defect free and defective apples was augmented with synthetic apple images to improve the detection performance of the improved CNN for apple surface defects. Finally, by pruning the CNN model, the detection accuracy, detection speed and energy saving limits of apple surface defects were balanced reasonably to improve the practicability of the proposed method. Results: When 2 048 interpretive neurons were selected in the interpretation layer of the improved CNN, the average detection accuracy was the highest among the interpretive neuron number situations. Additionally, the diversity of the apple image data sets was enhanced with the synthetic apple images produced by the conditional generation adversarial network. In addition, the accuracy of the proposed method for detecting apple surface defects increased continuously with the increase of the proportion of the enhanced images in the test data set. When the ratio of the pruned model size to the original model size decreased from 100% to 50%, the detection efficiency of apple surface defects was doubled with 6.96% detection accuracy decreasing. Conclusion: This method is expected to realize the automatic defect detection in apple production and processing, and provide a reference for the developing of other fruit surface defect detection methods.

Abstract:Objective: To improve the identification accuracy of fruit categories. Methods: An identification method for fruit categories was established based on an improved Faster regional convolutional neural network （Faster R-CNN） model. Firstly, the regularization method was used to attenuate the weight of some high-dimensional parameters to effectively solve the over-fitting problem that may occur in the training process. Then, two loss functions, a likelihood function and a regularization function, were added to the Faster R-CNN framework to optimize the convolution layer and the pooling layer. Additionally, the least square method was utilized to solve the objective function of fruit recognition. Finally, the accuracy, recall rate, precision and F1 score were used to evaluate the fruit identification effect of the trained fruit identification method. Results: The accuracy, precision and recall rates of the proposed method for fruit identification reached 99.69%, 0.996 8 and 0.994 8, respectively. Compared with the other 10 fruit identification methods, the accuracy, precision and recall rate of the proposed method were at least 0.91%, 1.32% and 0.51% higher. Conclusion: The method can realize the accurate recognition of different categories of fruits.

Abstract:Objective: To identify mouldy peanuts in a fast and non-destructive way and improve the identification efficiency. Methods: Collected hyperspectral peanut data using a spectrometer, identify moldy peanuts using deep learning technology, and established a Hypernet PRMF model, which was compared with Deeplab v3+, Segnet, Unet, and Hypernet as control models. Integrated the proposed peanut recognition index into hyperspectral images as data feature pre extraction. Simultaneously integrating the constructed multi feature fusion blocks into the control model to improve the recognition efficiency of moldy peanuts. Results: The average pixel accuracy of all models exceeded 87%. the Hypernet-PRMF model had the highest detection accuracy of 90.35%, while for the whole peanut dataset, Hypernet-PRMF had a low false recognition rate and could effectively identify all mouldy peanuts in the figure. Conclusion: The Hypernet-PRMF model built based on deep learning has high pixel accuracy and detection precision, which can effectively identify mouldy peanuts and provide a reference basis for the identification and detection of other mouldy food and other hyperspectral objects.

Abstract:Objective: This study aimed to reduce inflammation effect caused by long-term and large amount of betel nut chewing. Methods: Natural plant extracts with anti-inflammatory effects were added to betel nut in order to reduce the inflammatory damage. Glycyrrhiza uralensis fisch, radix platycodi and loquat leaf were used to treat rats with areca nut for 28 days. Body weight, organ coefficient, swelling rate of plantar in 6 hours, levels of inflammatory factors, and mediators were compared. Results: The addition of high-dose natural plant extract significantly reduced the production of prostaglandin E₂ (PGE₂), malondialdehyde (MDA), and nitric oxide (NO) compared to betel nut used group. Less pro-inflammatory tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and more release of interleukin-10 (IL-10) were observed. It also reduced the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the liver. The swelling rate of rats' feet (P＜0.05) was significantly lower than the control group, and similar to the positive control group. Conclusion: The addition of natural plant extracts with anti-inflammatory effect can reduce the acute inflammation in rats, and provide a new development idea for the further processing of areca catechu.

Abstract:Objective： To study the effect of hemp seed and algal oil mixture in lowering blood lipids, and provide the theoretical basis for the utilization of hemp seed and algal oil mixture in food. Methods: 113 hyperlipidemia adult volunteers were selected and randomly divided into two groups, namely the experiment group and the control group. The subjects in the experiment group were given gelatinized confections for 90 days, while subjects in the control group were given a placebo. The levels of Serum total cholesterol(TC), Triglyceride(TG), High-density lipoprotein cholesterol(HDL-C), Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol(LDL-C)and physiological and biochemical parameters were measured before and after trial. For the experiment group, hepatobiliary ultrasonography, carotid plaque ultrasonography, fasting blood glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin, inflammatory indicators tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, C-reactive protein and antioxidant indicators superoxide dismutase, malondialdehyde, glutathione peroxidase were detected. Results: At the end of the human trial, compared with the control group, serum TC, TG and LDL-C levels of the experiment group decreased significantly(P<0.05). And the rate of effective lowering lipid level is 30.4％ in the experiment group at the end of trials. No abnormal effect was observed in liver function, renal function and hematological examination. In the experiment group, the levels of hBA1c and IL-6 were decreased (P<0.05), SOD and GSH-Px activities increased (P<0.01), the improvement rate of carotid plaque and fatty liver was 33.3% and 39.3%, respectively. Conclusion: Hemp seed and algal oil mixture tested in the study have a good function of lowering blood lipid in humans with an acceptable safety profile, which may be related to anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects.

Abstract:Objective: To compare the effects of different oil preparation processes on the active ingredients and oxidation activity of Akebia trifoliate seed oil. Methods: Akebia trifoliata seed oil was prepared from Akebia trifoliata seed by four oil extraction processes: cold pressing, hot pressing, supercritical CO₂ extraction and extraction. The fatty acid composition, active ingredients （carotenoids, tocopherols, polyphenols, flavonoids） and DPPH free radical scavenging capacity of Akebia trifoliata seed oil were analyzed. Results: The fatty acid composition of Akebia trifoliata seed oil prepared by the four processes was similar. The content of palmitic acid was 20.62%～21.42%, the content of stearic acid was 2.68%～3.08%, the content of oleic acid was 47.03%～47.37%, the content of linoleic acid was 27.75%～28.07%, and the content of other fatty acids did not exceed 0.5%; In terms of the content of active components, the content of total tocopherol, flavonoids and polyphenols in Akebia trifoliata seed oil prepared by cold pressing was the highest, reaching 349.05, 103.37 and 51.78 mg/kg respectively, while the content of total tocopherol, flavonoids and polyphenols in Akebia trifoliata seed oil prepared by extraction was significantly lower than that of the other three extraction methods, only 220.24, 57.73 and 23.45 mg/kg; In terms of DPPH free radical scavenging capacity, cold pressing Akebia trifoliate seed oil has the best scavenging effect, and the extraction method is the worst. Conclusion: Akebia trifoliate seed oil is rich in oleic acid and linoleic acid, and has the ability of scavenging DPPH free radicals. It can be used as food ingredients, cosmetics and pharmaceutical base oils.

Abstract:Objective: This study aimed to investigate the effect of Eurotium Cristatum fermentation broth mixed with tea polyphenols on the immune indexes of cyclophosphamide immunosuppressive mice. Methods: Immunosuppressive model was established by intraperitoneal injection of cyclophosphamide with 80 mg/kg for 3 days. High, middle and low dose E. Cristatum fermentation broth mixed with tea polyphenols was administrated to immunosuppressive mice intragastrically for 15 days. The blood index, spleen index, macrophage phagocytic index, half hemolysis value, delayed-type hypersensitivity, the content of IL-2 and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were measured. Results: E. Cristatum fermentation broth mixed with tea polyphenols significantly increased the number of white blood cells, red blood cells, hemoglobin, serum hemolysin and IL-2 on immunosuppressive mice, enhanced the spleen index and monocyte-phagocytic index, and improved the delayed type hypersensitivity on mice. Conclusion: E. Cristatum fermentation broth mixed with tea polyphenols can enhance immunity on mice.

Abstract:Objective: This study aimed to improve the separation efficiency of decolorizing agent and fish oil, and ensure high decolorization rate at the same time. Methods: The optimum absorption wavelength of fish oil was measured by spectrophotometer. Magnesium silicate was mixed with activated clay into compound decolorizers, and was used to evaluate the decolorization rate and filtration speed. The decolorization parameters of anchovy oil were optimized by single factor experiment and response surface experiment. The oil absorption rate and fish oil recovery rate of decolorizing agent were calculated. The decolorization and filter aid effect of decolorizing agent were verified through the plate and frame filter scale-up experiment. Fatty acid absolute content of crude oil, degummed oil, deacidified oil, and bleached oil was determined by gas chromatography. Results: The best absorption wavelength of anchovy oil was 671 nm. The compound results of mixed decolorizer was as follows: the ratio of activated clay∶magnesium silicate was 4∶1 and its filtration rate was (26.65±0.64) mL/min. Response surface optimization results showed that the decolorization rate was (95.74±1.35)%, at the dosage of 5.0%, 57 min, and 72 ℃. The oil absorption rate was (1.15±0.10)% and fish oil recovery was (91.72±1.60)%. In the plate and frame filtration experiment, the decolorization effect of the mixed decolorizer was not significantly different from the control group, but it had a faster filtration rate. The absolute content of SFA and MUFA in crude oil, degummed oil, deacidified oil, and bleached oil had no significant difference. Increasing from (117.42±0.23) mg/g and (65.20±2.31) mg/g to (128.97±0.86) mg/g and (68.62±1.59) mg/g, the absolute content of EPA and DHA in bleached oil increased significantly. Conclusion: Magnesium silicate is an effective filter aid and has adsorption effect. Its combination with activated clay can ensure the decolorization effect of fish oil. Additionally, it can solve the problem of blocking the filter cake of separating the decolorizing agent and fish oil by the plate and frame filter press. The mixed decolorizing agent has the advantages of low oil absorption, high decolorization efficiency, and fast filtration speed.

Abstract:Objective: To solve the problems of an uncertain fermentation process, a long fermentation period, and the unstable quality of traditional naturally fermented preserved fish. Methods: The lactic acid bacteria were isolated from low-salt preserved red fish, and the inhibition ability, salt tolerance, and acid production ability of the strains were investigated. The lactic acid bacteria suitable for fermentation were screened out, and the fermentation of preserved red fish was intensified by inoculation. The amount of red rice flour added, the amount of salt added during curing, and the fermentation temperature were optimized in the fermentation process. Results: There were 22 strains of Pediococcus with inhibitory effect on Escherichia coli or Staphylococcus aureus were isolated, among which Pediococcus pentosaceus P-56 had the best inhibitory effect on Escherichia coli and higher tolerance to bile salt and acid; After inoculation fermentation and process optimization. The pH value of the Zhayu decreased to 4.42 at 4 days of fermentation, the TCA-soluble peptide content was 434.99 μmol/g and the sensory score reached 45.7. Conclusion: The optimal process conditions for the fermentation of preserved red fish with lactic acid bacteria were: 4% salt addition for curing, 4% red yeast rice flour addition and fermentation temperature of 32 ℃.

Abstract:Objective: Develop the industrial production of Lentinus edodes stalk polysaccharides. Methods: Using the yield of polysaccharides as an indicator, uniform design experiments were used to optimize the extraction process parameters. Four methods were used to determine the antioxidant activity of polysaccharides and compared with the traditional hot water extraction method. Results: The optimal process conditions for the flash-assisted extraction of Lentinus edodes stalk polysaccharides were as follows: flash extraction time 120 s, ratio of liquid to material 40∶1 （mL/g）, hot water extraction time 105min, temperature 50 ℃, extraction twice. Under these conditions, the yield of polysaccharides was （5.03±0.22）%, which was basically consistent with the predicted value of the model and 1.82 times higher than that of traditional hot water extraction method. Lentinus edodes stalk polysaccharides had strong Fe³⁺ reduction ability, total antioxidant capacity, ·OH and DPPH· scavenging capacity, and showed a dose-effect relationship. The antioxidant activity of polysaccharides obtained by flash-assisted hot water extraction was stronger than that of the traditional hot water extraction, but weaker than that of vitamin C. Conclusion: Flash-assisted hot water extraction is beneficial to the extraction of polysaccharides from Lentinus edodes stalks, and can maintain its antioxidant activity.

Abstract:The structure and function of peptides are affected by the changes of environmental factors, including temperature, pH value and ionic strength. Sugar groups can form covalent bonds with amino acid side chain groups of peptides to undergo structural modification, and then the glycosylation modification can effectively improve the stability and biological activity of peptide molecules. In this review, the preparation methods and structural characterization strategies of glycosylated peptides were summarized, and the recent research progress on their physiological activities were highlighted. The challenges and future research directions of glycosylated peptides were also discussed.

Abstract:Peanut is one of the "Big Eight" allergen foods. It has been noticed by public due to its serious clinical symptoms and high incidence rate. This review introduced structures and immune characteristics of peanut allergens (Ara h 1-18). The assessment methods (both in vitro and in vivo) was also introduced. Finally, the research progress of different food processing on the allergenicity of peanut were summarized. The future research direction of food processing on reducing the allergenicity of peanut were prospected.

Abstract:The traditional hulling of Camellia oleifera fruit is mainly manual, with high work intensity, high labor cost and low production efficiency. Mechanized hulling is the inevitable trend of modernization of Camellia oleifera industry. The existing hulling device of Camellia oleifera fruit has poor universality, low hulling rate and high seed kernel breakage rate, which affects the popularization of mechanized hulling technology of Camellia oleifera. By comparing the existing hulling methods of Camellia oleifera, the structure and working principle of each hulling device were analyzed, their advantages and disadvantages were summarized, and their development direction was prospected.

Abstract:This reviewed summarized the research status of water content detection methods of plant-based food materials, analyzed the water content detection devices, advantages, disadvantages and applications, and discussed the application of water content detection in different types of plant-based food materials. The advantages of hot air drying, microwave method, Karl Fischer method, absolute dry nitrogen purge method, spectral technology and imaging technology were highlighted, and the future development direction of water content detection of plant-based food materials was prospected.

Abstract:Edible and medicinal fungi are rich in various nutrients and active ingredients, and functional raw materials with stable quality and controllable yield can be obtained by liquid fermentation technology. This paper summarizes the application status of liquid fermentation technology of edible and medicinal fungi and the related regulations of liquid fermentation products of edible and medicinal fungi in food industry. With the improvement of regulations and popularization of liquid fermentation of edible and medicinal fungi in food industry, it is expected to have a bright future for related products development.

Abstract:This review mainly expounds the basis and application status of Acanthopanax senticosus in Chinese health food, summarizes the research progress related to its health function, and looks forward to its future development direction.