Abstract:In this paper, the application of magnetic covalent organic frameworks （MCOFs） in food safety analysis is reviewed by combining with the domestic and foreign literature, and the common preparation methods of MCOFs are briefly introduced. The application examples of MCOFs in pesticide residues, veterinary drug residues, organic pollutants, toxins and harmful substances in packaging were discussed, and the practical detection application of MCOFS in the future is prospected.

Abstract:NuVal scoring labeling that was based on overall nutritional quality index, adopted 1 to 100 to show the nutritional value of packaged food and fresh agricultural products. The higher was the score, the better was the nutritional status of food. The labeling was integrated with food prices to make it easier for consumers to compare the nutritional value of what they pay. Therefore, FOP labeling in China could be attempted to integrate nutrition evaluation information with food price, and promote in fresh agricultural products, and adjust its algorithm in accordance with the national nutritional needs.

Abstract:Objective: Xianggan tea, was made from Hunan Anhua dark tea, i. e. Tianjian tea and the mandarin peel of Yueyang Jinpen pomelo, based on the preparation method of Ganpu tea, and this contributed to ascertaining the quality of Xianggan tea. Methods: The main chemical components, mineral element content and volatile components were analyzed in the Tianjian tea, mandarin peel and Xianggan tea. Results: The moisture content of Tianjian tea, mandarin peel, and Xianggan tea were all less than 20%, and made them easy for storage. The content of crude polysaccharides, total flavonoids, and total phenols was in the order of Tianjian tea>Xianggan tea>mandarin peel. Tianjian tea, mandarin peel, and Xianggan tea are rich in mineral elements, and the higher contents are K, Ca, Mg, and Mn. The 61 kinds of aroma components were detected in Tianjian tea, 68 kinds in mandarin peel, 69 kinds in Xianggan tea, and the key aroma compounds of three samples were 18~22 kinds. Moreover, the 14 kinds of new volatile substances were detected in the Xianggan tea, prepared from Tianjian tea and mandarin peel. Conclusion: The Xianggan tea, a new type of tea, shows the Hunan regional characteristics because of the combination of the aroma and the nutritional effects of Tianjian tea and mandarin peel, with the formation of new volatile components.

Abstract:Objective: The contents of tea polyphenol monomer, caffeine (CAF), total polyphenols acid (TPC) and total flavonoids (TFC) in 26 kinds of commercial Sichuan dark tea (S1～S26) were analyzed, and the in vitro antioxidant activities were investigated, to provide a theoretical basis for the quality evaluation of Sichuan dark tea. Methods: Gradient elution was used to analyze the content of tea polyphenol monomer and caffeine. The contents of TPC and TFC were determined by the folin phenol method and chemical analysis method, respectively. The antioxidant activity was evaluated by DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging capacity. Results: The content of gallic acid (GA), gallocatechin (GC), epigallocatechin (EGC), catechin (C), epicatechin (EC), epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), gallocatechin gallate (GCG), epicatechin gallate, catechin gallate (CG), caffeine (CAF), total polyphenols acid (TPC), total flavonoids (TFC) were 0.26~19.64, 0.72~4.73, 0.00~20.28, 0.00~0.95, 0.00~6.06, 0.32~9.44, 0.62~63.12, 0.29~17.08, 0.21~1.81, 9.53~44.43, 20.96~279.05 and 7.92~17.49 mg/g, respectively. The free radical scavenging activity of ABTS was 33.49～232.87 mg/g based on a water-soluble VE equivalent. Moreover, that of DPPH was 45.26～237.59 mg/g correlation analysis results showed that DPPH scavenging abilities positively correlated with the ten monomers, CAF, TPC, and TFC (P＜0.05 or P＜0.01). However, ABTS radical scavenging abilities positively correlated with the contents of GC, GA, and CAF (P＜0.01), also positively correlated with TPC and TFC (P＜0.05). Conclusion: PCA results showed that the cumulative contribution rate of EGCG, C and TPC was 87.566%. According to the comprehensive analysis, S16, S23 and S19 had higher scores, implying relatively better quality. The variations of the results should be attributed to the raw materials, production technology, and storage conditions of dark tea.

Abstract:Objective: Studied the adsorption characteristics of magnetic chitosan modified kaolin on caffeic acid in simulated sugarcane juice, and provided the reference for the removal of phenolic pigments in sugarcane juice. Methods: Magnetic chitosan modified kaolin was prepared by coprecipitation of chitosan, nano ferric oxide and kaolin. The surface structure and group changes of kaolin before and after modification were characterized by FT-IR, VSM and SEM; The adsorption characteristics of caffeic acid were studied by adsorption test. Results: the modified chitosan and nano-Fe₃O₄ were successfully loaded on kaolin, and the adsorption performance of caffeic acid was improved. The isoelectric point of magnetic chitosan modified kaolin was 4.54, and the acid condition was conducive to the removal of caffeic acid, and the adsorption equilibrium was reached at 240 min. The adsorption process of caffeic acid on magnetic chitosan modified kaolin was more consistent with the pseudo second order kinetics and Langmuir isotherm adsorption model. The adsorption process was mainly chemical adsorption and monolayer adsorption. The thermodynamic study showed that the adsorption process was spontaneous endothermic process. Conclusion: Magnetic chitosan modified kaolin exhibited strong adsorption capacity for caffeic acid in sugarcane juice, and can be used as sugar clarifier for the adsorption of caffeic acid in sugarcane juice.

Abstract:Objective: To investigate the effects of milling degree and cooking method on cooked rice quality of high-quality Indica rice. Methods: Paddy rice （variety Longliangyou 1813） were dehulled and milled for 20, 35, and 50 s, respectively. Rice milled for different durations were cooked with electric pressure cooker and ordinary rice cooker, respectively. Quality attributes of cooked rice were compared by texture analyzer, gas chromatograph-ion mobility spectrometer （GC-IMS）, and sensory judgement. Results: For rice milled for 20 s, the cooked product of ordinary rice cooker had higher hardness than that of electric pressure cooker. However, for rice milled for 35 or 50 s, the cooked products of ordinary rice cooker and electric pressure cooker did not have significant difference in hardness. At same milling degree, rice cooked by ordinary rice cooker had higher water absorption ratio and volume expansion rate than by electric pressure cooker. Compared with cooked rice prepared by electric pressure cooker, the cooked rice prepared by ordinary cooker exhibited an increase in species of volatile substances. However, rice cooked by electric pressure cooker and ordinary cooker did not have significant difference in total sensory score. For the same cooking method, the cooked rice showed a gradual decrease in hardness and a gradual increase in adhesiveness as milling degree increased. The overall sensory acceptance of the cooked rice was gradually improved with the increase of milling degree. Conclusion: The cooking method had litter effect on the sensory attributes of high-quality Indica rice. The increase of milling degree can improve the texture, flavor, and overall sensory acceptance of cooked high-quality Indica rice.

Abstract:Objective: The effect of superfine grinding on the physicochemical properties of tartary buckwheat powder in different parts was studied, aiming to provide a certain theoretical reference for the food industry to use superfine grinding to prepare tartary buckwheat food. Methods: Tartary buckwheat skin powder, core powder and whole powder were used as materials to prepare tartary buckwheat ultrafine powder by superfine grinding combined with a fluidized bed jet mill. The superfine powder was studied by measuring the particle size, specific surface area, comprehensive powder characteristics, swelling property, water solubility and other indicators. Results: The particle size of the three kinds of tartary buckwheat powder was reduced to 8.15, 8.43 and 8.04 μm, respectively, after micronization treatment, with the specific surface area increasing; the micronization treatment reduced the fluidity and filling property of the powder. The water solubility increased, while the swelling capacity, water holding capacity and oil holding capacity showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing. Conclusion: Tartary buckwheat powder has relatively excellent physical and chemical properties after jet milling and can be used for deep-processing of tartary buckwheat products.

Abstract:Objective: This study aimed to establish a method using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) to determine 10-hydroxy-2-decenoic acid in honey. Methods: The samples were extracted with methanol-water and cleaned up by a PLS solid-phase extraction column. The separation was performed on an Agilent ZOXBAR SB-C18 column (2.1 mm×50 mm, 1.8 μm) and methanol -5 mmol/L ammonium acetate solution was used as the mobile phase for gradient elution. Mass spectrometry was carried out under the multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode with negative electrospray ionization (ESI-) and standard external method for quantitative analysis. Results: Good linearity of the developed analytical method was obtained in the range of 0.05 ~ 0.80 μg/mL with the correlation coefficient of 0.995. The limit of detection (LOD) and the limit of quantitation (LOQ) was 0.04 mg/kg and 0.10 mg/kg, respectively. The recoveries at 0.10, 0.20, 1.00 mg/kg spiked levels ranged from 96.9% to 108.3% and the relative standard deviations (RSDs) ranged from 4.5% to 10.7%. Intra-day RSDs ranged from 5.9% to 9.2%, and inter-day RSDs ranged from 3.5% to 14.2%. Conclusion: The established method is rapid, sensitive, and accurate, and suitable for determining 10-hydroxy-2-decenoic acid in honey. It was found that 10-hydroxy - 2-decanoic acid was ubiquitous in honey as an endogenous component.

Abstract:Objective: A method for simultaneous determination of 10 amide herbicide residues in dark tea was developed by QuEChERS method coupled with gas chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry （GC-MS/MS）. Methods: After being extracted by acetonitrile and purified by QuChERS, the samples were separated by TG-5 SIL MS column （30 m×0.25 mm×0.25 μm）, then detected bymultiple reaction monitoring mode （MRM）. Blank matrix matching standard curve was used in quantitative analysis. Results: The calibration curves had a good liner relationship in the range of 0.001~0.500 mg/L with the correlation coefficients greater than 0.999. The limits of detection （LODs） and limits of quantitation （LQDs） of the method were in the range 0.001~0.002 mg/kg and 0.002~0.008 mg/kg, respectively. The average recoveries were 80.3%~103.2%, and the relative standard deviations were between 0.9% and 7.3%. Conclusion: The method can be applied to the simultaneous detection of amide herbicides in dark tea.

Abstract:Objective: A rapid method for simultaneous determination of 18 quinolones residues in raw milk was established. Methods: The raw milk was pretreated by liquid-liquid extraction, and the residues of 18 quinolones in raw milk were analyzed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Results: The linearity of all the 18 quinolones from 2.0 to 100.0 ng/mL had correlation coefficients greater than 0.992. The limits of detection (LOD) of this method ranged from 0.02 to 0.50 μg/kg, and the limits of quantification (LOQ) were 0.06 to 1.50 μg/kg. The average recoveries of the 18 quinolones were 74.0% to 106.5%, with the relative standard deviation （n=6） of 1.1%~13.0%. Conclusion: The method is simple, efficient and accurate, and can be used for the quantitative confirmation of quinolones residues in raw milk.

Abstract:Objective: A simple, efficient, rapid, sensitive, reproducible, accurate and rapid method was established for the simultaneous determination of 12 nitrophenols in water. Methods: Magnetic Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles loaded with bifunctional octadecylamine functionalized carbon nanotube composites were synthesized by coprecipitation and hydrothermal methods. The sample pretreatment method of QuEChERS was optimized and combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry to establish a method for the simultaneous determination of 12 kinds of nitrophenols in water quality. Results: The optimized QuEChERS sample pretreatment method gave the advantages of magnetic nanoparticles and carbon nano materials. Under the control of these conditions, high efficiency of purification of the 12 kinds of nitrophenols in water was found, with shortening the pretreatment time, eliminating matrix interference, and omitting complex operation steps of filtration and centrifugation. The established sample pretreatment method was based on QuEChERS, and the concentration range of 0.05~0.20 μg/mL has a good linear relationship, with the minimum detection concentration of 0.009~0.010 μg/mL, the average recovery ranging from 82.2% to 94.6%, and the relative standard deviation less than 10%. Conclusion: Compared with the traditional technology, the optimized QuEChERS technology has the advantages of simple operation, strong adsorption capacity, low cost and small amount of organic reagent, and can realize the integration of enrichment and separation.

Abstract:Objective: To establish a method for the rapid determination of seven kinds of inorganic anions in water by high pressure ion chromatography（HPIC）, including fluoride ion, chloride ion, bromide ion, nitrate ion, sulfate ion, chlorite ion and chlorate ion. Methods: Dionex Integrion high pressure ion chromatography and Ionpac AS19 analytical column were used. Under the conditions of KOH eluent concentration of 20 mmol/L and flow rate of 2.00 mL/min, the content of seven inorganic anions in water was determined by inhibition conductivity detector. Results: The results showed that seven kinds of inorganic anions could be separated within 7 min. The linear correlation coefficient of this method was ≥0.999, the relative standard deviation was less than 2%, and the recovery of seven kinds of inorganic anions were 95.3%~105.8%. Conclusion: This method has the advantages of simplicity, rapidity, accuracy, sensitivity, environmentally friendly and high efficiency, which was suitable for the rapid determination of seven inorganic anions in water quality analysis.

Abstract:Objective: In order to meet the demand of low water-content fruit-vegetable powder online detection, a new detection system was established. Methods: Based on the microwave transmission principle, an online moisture detection system of fruit-vegetable powder was designed. The system was divided into a feed module, a detection module, a discharge module and control display module, and the corresponding hardware and software design. Carrot powders were used as the test material, and a third-party testing institution compared the two methods, including water-content microwave transmission and national standard testing, to evaluate the test performance of the device. Results: The moisture content of each sample was determined to be about 7.33 s by the new device, with an accuracy of 98.2% and repeatability of 0.15%. Conclusion: The system-based device can realize online and continuous detection of fruit-vegetable powder with low water content.

Abstract:Objective: To establish a dual real-time PCR method for the detection of orange and citrus components in orange juices. Methods: Through the design and screening of primers and probes for orange and citrus components. Through the detection of fruits, found the rule of fluorescence amplification of orange and citrus. Using the ratio difference of orange and citrus in FAM/VIC two fluorescence channels to determine the composition of orange and citrus. The lowest doping ratio detected by the method was verified by the experiment of orange juice adulteration, tested the commercial orange juice and verify the feasibility of the method. Results: There were fluorescence amplification curves in both FAM and Vic channels in pure orange fruits, and the fluorescence ratio of FAM/VIC channel was between 0.5±0.2, while only FAM channel had strong fluorescence amplification curve in pure citrus fruits. In the simulation experiment, it could be detected that there are more than 10% citrus juice in orange juice. Conclusion: The results showed that this method can be used to detect the orange and citrus components in commercial orange juices, and can be used to identify the fake orange juices.

Abstract:Objective: To establish an accurate method for the determination of benzoic acid, sorbic acid and saccharin sodium in soy sauce brine meat products. Methods: The samples were extracted by ethyl acetate, SPE-MCX solid phase extraction, and detected by HPLC simultaneously. Results: The determination was performed on Agilent Zorbax Eclipse XDB-C18 column （250 mm×4.6 mm, 5 μm） with mobile phase consisting of 75% 0.02 mol/L ammonium acetate solution and 25% acetonitrile. The column temperature was set at 25 ℃, and the flow rate was 0.8 mL/min. The sample size was 10 μL. The detection wavelength was 230 nm. In the range of 0.5 ~ 10.0 mg/L, the peak area of the three additives showed a good linear relationship with the mass concentration （R² > 0.990）. The detection limits of the three additives were all lower than 3.52×10^-2 mg/kg, the recoveries were 95.44% ~ 101.24%, and the relative standard deviations were all less than 2.92%. Conclusion: The method is simple, sensitive, rapid and accurate. It is suitable for the routine detection of benzoic acid, sorbic acid and saccharin sodium in soy sauce brine meat products.

Abstract:It was systematically investigated and sorted out the construction of management systems for food safety emergencies in the United States and the European Union, and their legal and regulatory systems, organizational systems, and operational mechanism systems were analyzed to provide valuable references for the construction of management systems for food safety in China.

Abstract:Objective: 270 milk powder samples from 6 different brands were detected and distinguished by low field nuclear magnetic resonance combined with chemometrics. Methods: Three chemometrics methods of principal component analysis (PCA), partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) and backpropagation artificial neural network (BP-ANN) were used to process experimental data of samples statistically. Results: The PCA method based on three-dimensional projection could not achieve the purpose of rapid identification of milk powder brand; the correct recognition rates of training and prediction sets were 66.1% and 52.2% for the PLS-DA method, respectively, which was low in credibility and challenging to realize the rapid identification of milk powder brand; the correct recognition rates of training and prediction sets of were 99.4% and 100.0% for the BP-ANN method respectively. Conclusion: The combination of low field nuclear magnetic resonance and BP-ANN can identify the milk powder brand well.

Abstract:Objective: To analyze the structural strength and vibration characteristics of the peeling roller, the key component of the macadamia nut peeling machine, and determine its working parameters. Methods: The established Solidworks model of the peeling roller was imported into Ansys for static analysis and modal simulation. Results: When the working speed of the peeling roll was 861.4 r/min, its maximum deformation was 0.032 08 mm, and the equivalent stress was 11.872 MPa. The maximum equivalent stress under normal working conditions was far less than the yield strength of the material. The first six natural frequencies of the roller were 111.44, 111.46, 345.34, 345.71, 503.23, 681.05 Hz, which were much higher than the working frequency of the peeling machine. Conclusion: The strength and stiffness of the peeling roller meet the actual production requirements, and there will be no resonance under normal working conditions.

Abstract:Objective: In order to analyze the movement and mixing characteristics of food powder particles in the double-shaft paddle mixer to optimize the verification of the mixer structure. Methods: The EDEM software was used to simulate the proportional mixing of three different sizes of food powder particles, and then Bin Groups would build a mixing box to observe the mixing situation, and evaluate it by studying the number of particles between different types of food powder. Results: At t=5 s, there was still a certain gap in the number of particles in the squares corresponding to the three types of powdered food particles, but the difference was basically the same. The mixing degree of the three types of powdered food particles was already very high; The change trend of the contact between food particles over time was basically the same. As time increasing, the number of contacts between various powdered foods also increased. After t=8 s, the number of contacts between particles between various powdered foods basically reached a stable value. Conclusion: The discrete element method can effectively analyze the mixing of powdered food in the paddle mixer.

Abstract:Objective: Aiming at a three degree of freedom HUU type parallel mechanism which can be used in food packaging，the static and dynamic characteristics are studied. Methods: The geometric model of the parallel mechanism was firstly established, and the static and dynamic stiffness of the mechanism were analyzed and calculated; then the dynamic equation of the mechanism was established based on Lagrange method. The dynamic analysis of the connecting rod was carried out as a pure rigid body, and then the rigid flexible coupling dynamic analysis was carried out by making the branch chain connecting rod flexible. Results: The static stiffness of parallel packaging mechanism along the vertical direction of space is the largest, and the weak link is located in the connection of connecting rod, sliding saddle and moving platform. The rigid flexible coupling effect of the branch chain connecting rod makes the acceleration of the saddle change suddenly when it turns. The analysis results of other motion evaluation indexes of the rigid model and the coupling model are basically consistent. Conclusion: Optimizing the parallel packaging mechanism can improve its kinematic performance.

Abstract:Objective: To solve the problems of complex structure and large calculation amount of the visual servo control system of the current food sorting robot, which unable to meet the flexibility and adaptability of the sorting robot to the visual servo control system. Methods: Based on the structure of robot visual servo control system, a visual servo control method of food sorting robot based on improved particle swarm optimization algorithm and BP neural network was proposed. The particle swarm algorithm used crossover and mutation in the iterative process to maintain population diversity, the initial weight and threshold of BP neural network were optimized. Results: Compared with conventional control methods, the control method could bring the food production line robot to the predetermined position in a short time, the relative error of position approximation was 0.38%. Conclusion: When dealing with more complicated tasks, with strong adaptability, it has certain practical value.

Abstract:In order to control risks and speed up capital turnover, enterprises begin to gradually use export factoring business. However, in the export factoring business, it is faced with problems such as contract disputes, relevant policies of importing countries, application of laws and so on, and this makes the recovery of enterprise accounting receivable problematic and resulting in enterprise losses. In this study, the methods to avoid the legal risks of export factoring business were put forward from three aspects, including the signing of prior contracts for the export of food machinery and equipment and the understanding of the policies of the importing country, the performance of obligations and defect remedy in the process. Moreover, serval methods for avoiding the legal risk of export factoring business were also suggested.

Abstract:Objective: Aiming at the low degree of mechanization, automation and intelligence in the cleaning and collecting process of the surplus grain at the bottom of the granary, a cleaning and collecting device for the surplus grain at the bottom of the silo was designed and manufactured. Methods: Based on simulation and numerical calculation, the structural strength analysis and optimization of the reliability of the key components of the cleaning and collection device were carried out, and verification experiments were also carried out through the manufacturing prototype. Results: The cleaning device designed in the experiment can clean the surplus grain of the same area and density, the cleaning speed is 10 times that of a single worker, and a single cleaning can collect more than 90% of the surplus grain, which can effectively save manpower. Conclusion: The device has high practicability and can be promoted in relevant grain depots in China.

Abstract:Objective: To obtain the best technology and treatment conditions of wheat germs stablizaiton, three different technologies were used to treat wheat germs. Methods: Microwave, superheated steam and hot air drying were used to treat wheat germs with enzyme deactivation, and their deactivation effects on lipase and lipoxygenase in wheat germs were compared. Then, the optimal treatment conditions of each technology were selected for the determination of total number of colonies and accelerated storage test. Results: Under the optimal treatment conditions, the lipase and lipoxygenase in wheat germs could be effectively deactivated by the three treatments. The superheated steam treatment had the best effect of deactivating lipase, and the deactivation rate reached 82.79%. The deactivation rate of lipoxygenase was 94.81% when the wheat germs were treated with microwave. Superheated steam treatment had the best sterilization effect, and the total number of colonies decreased to 2.20 lg （CFU/g）. In terms of storage stability, microwave and superheated steam treatment had similar effects, while hot-air drying treatment had poor effect. Conclusion: Superheated steam treatment could be the best methods for wheat germs deactivation.

Abstract:Objective: This study focuses on ensuring qualified bacterial indicators during betelnut processing. Methods: The key processing samples from the raw material to the finished product were analyzed by the Illumina Miseq high-throughput sequencing technology. Results: The results showed that a total of 191 456 effective sequences were obtained from the 7 kinds of betelnut samples, belonging to 790 genera, 239 families. The dominant bacteria genera include Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Hydrogenophaga, Leuconostoc, and Chryseobacterium. Significant differences in the bacterial community structure was found in the betelnuts between before and after storage. The species richness in betelnuts before storage (new betelnut) was higher than those after storage (old betelnut), while the bacteria in the old betelnut had higher species diversity. During the processing, the boiled betelnut process and the process from cut betelnut to product betelnut could effectively kill bacteria. The number of extinct bacteria genera in the two stages was 216 and 227 respectively. The process from boiled betelnut to stuffy fragrant betelnut was susceptible to bacterial contamination in the environment, and the number of new bacterial genera was 126. Conclusion: The variation of the polluting bacteria diversity during betelnut processing indicated that the control and prevention of pollution should focus on bacterial proliferation in the pickling and flavoring process, as well as the environmental pollution in each process. The key to reducing bacteria is to make good use of the boiling and the process before product finished.

Abstract:Objective: This study aimed to exploring the fresh-keeping effect of chlorine dioxide onCuihong plum, and then providing a new way for postharvest fresh-keeping technology of Prunus. Methods: Cuihong plum fruits were treated with different concentrations of chlorine dioxide (20, 40, 60 mg/L) and then refrigerated at (1.0±0.5) ℃. Results: Compared with the control group, the group treated with 40 mg/L chlorine dioxide significantly reduced the decay rate, respiratory intensity, polyphenol oxidase activity (P<0.05), and inhibited the color difference L^* value, hardness, soluble solids content, titratable acid content, V_C content, peroxidase activity, the total number of mold and yeast colonies of Prunus (P<0.05). Conclusion: Treatment with 40 mg/L chlorine dioxide has the best storage effect, which can delay the metabolic process of Cuihong plum and maintain good storage quality.

Abstract:Objective: An automatic identification method of jujube defects based on improved convolution neural network was established. Methods: Using the dual branch convolution neural network structure, branch 1 combined with the transfer learning strategy for pre training, analysis 2 extracted the feature information from the jujube image based on the lightweight network fusion feature map. The superiority of this method was verified by comparative experiments. Results: Compared with the improvement before, the improved defect recognition method optimized the structure of the convolutional neural network, and the detection accuracy was further improved, from 96.02% to 99.50%. Conclusion: This method improved the network learning speed and convergence speed, and had good classification and recognition effect.

Abstract:Objective: To study the effect of Vitis amurensis. anthocyanins on cognitive impairment induced by chronic alcoholism. Methods: The mice were divided into blank group, model group, low-dose and high-dose groups treated by anthocyanins from V. amurensis. The model of chronic alcoholism was established and intervened with anthocyanin from V. amurensis. Morris water maze and step-down test, antioxidant stress and cholinergic system related indexes were measured, and the hippocampal slices were observed. Results: After anthocyanins intervention, the escape latency of water maze test was shortened by 41.38%, the total swimming distance was shortened by 28.53%, the first stage time was shortened by 27.00%, the times of crossing the stage was increased to （3.00±2.55） times, the residence time in the fourth quadrant was increased by 21.13%, the percentage of distance in the fourth quadrant was increased to 24.24%, the platform jumping latency was prolonged by 26.39% and 26.61%, the number of errors was reduced to （3.38±0.92） and （2.63±0.74） times. Moreover, the levels of total superoxide dismutase （8.62% and 6.80%）, catalase （25.34% and 17.39%）, glutathione （28.14% and 3.57%）, glutathione peroxidase （16.14% and 25.85%） were increased and malondialdehyde was decreased by 21.24% and 27.70% in serum and hippocampus. Acetylcholinesterase activity in hippocampus was decreased and the acetylcholine content was increased. Conclusion: Anthocyanins from V. amurensis could improve the ability of anti-oxidative stress in mice with chronic alcoholism, resist cholinergic injury effectively, promote neurotransmission and cognitive impairment.

Abstract:Objective: This study aimed to study the effect of Eurotium cristatum fermentation broth on improving the immunity of immunosuppressive mice. Methods: Immunosuppressive model was established by intraperitoneal injection of cyclophosphamide (80 mg/kg) in mice. Then the immunosuppressive mice were fed with low, middle and high dose fermentation broth for 15 days. The spleen index, carbon clearance test, half hemolysis value (HC₅₀), delayed-type hypersensitivity test and the content of IL-2 in serum were detected to explore the changes of immunological indexes in immunosuppressive mice treated with fermentation broth. Results: Compared with the model group, the fermentation broth of the middle and high dose groups could significantly enhance the half hemolysis value (P＜0.05) and delayed hypersensitivity (P＜0.05) of immunosuppressive mice. Moreover, the fermentation broth of the low, middle and high dose groups could increase the content of IL-2 in serum, which was 3.07, 3.10, 2.87 times that of the regular group, respectively, but had no significant effect on the immune function of monocytes and macrophages in mice. Conclusion: E. cristatum fermentation broth could enhance the immunity of mice.

Abstract:Objective: To study the technology of extracting gliadin from gluten and separating different gliadin components. Methods: The solution of gluten dissolved in 65% ethanol was settled at 4, 10, 20 and 30 ℃ for 1, 2, 4, 8, 10, 20 and 40 hours respectively, and the mass of the precipitated gliadin was measured. Further, the gliadin prepared by static deposition at 4 ℃ for 12 hours was used as raw material to study the separation of gliadin component by modified zeolite with KOH in different conditions. The zeolite was modified in three different mass fractions （20%, 50% and 80%）, three different heating time （30, 60 and 120 min） and four different heating temperatures （30, 50, 70 and 90 ℃）. Then the modified zeolite was put into the gliadin solution for adsorption, after that, the adsorbed zeolite was put into a chromatographic tube and was eluted by ethanol. The eluted components were divided into three equal parts. After refrigeration for a while, the precipitation weight and UV absorption wavelength of each part were measured. Results: The maximum output of gliadin was 24%, and the output of gliadin after static deposition at 4, 10, 20 and 30 ℃ for 40 hours was 16.6%, 20.6%, 24.0% and 18.9%, respectively. Microscopic images showed that both large and small spheres （α-, β-, γ-gliadin） appeared in gliadin at the beginning of the deposition, and worm-like gliadin （ω-gliadin） appeared at 4 and 10 ℃ after 10 hours deposition, and worm-like gliadin aggregates appeared in large quantities after 20 hours deposition. The maximum separation amount of gliadin was 10.336 g per kilogram zeolite when the zeolite was modified at 50 ℃ for 120 min in the mass fraction of KOH solution of 20%. The gliadin isolated from the blank experiment of the same group was 4.730 g per kilogram zeolite, and the maximum amount of separation was 5.606 g per kilogram zeolite, more than that of the blank experiment. According to the UV absorption wavelength analysis, the maximum UV absorption wavelength of gliadin was all-around 288.4 nm. The first principal component of column analysis was alcohol-soluble gliadin with low molecular weight; the second principal component was alcohol-soluble glutenin with high/low molecular and α-, β-, γ-, ω-gliadin, the third principal component was alcohol-soluble glutenin with low molecular weight. Conclusion: The temperature had a significant influence on the output of gliadin. The separation of gliadin was promoted by zeolite modification, and the amount of separated gliadin was closely related to the mass fraction of KOH solution and modification time.

Abstract:Objective: To enrich natural sources of antioxidants. Methods: The scavenging ability of DPPH and ABTS⁺ of extracts from Guizhou Premna puberula Pamb. was detected by ultrasonic extraction of total phenols and total flavonoids from roots, stems and leaves. Results: All the tissues had certain antioxidant activity and the antioxidant activity of leaves was the strongest, which was positively correlated with the contents of total phenols and total flavonoids. When the mass concentration was 0.1 mg/mL, the DPPH radical scavenging rate of leaves could reach 82.5%, which was close to the total reducing power of VC. Conclusion: It indicated that P. puberula has good antioxidant activity.

Abstract:Objective: This study aimed to optimization of polysaccharide extraction process from Aralia elata (Miq.) Seem by complex enzymes and research of its antioxidant activity. Methods: The cellulase, pectinase and papain were combined as the compound enzymes and used to extract the polysaccharide from A. elata (AEPS). Enzymolysis temperature, enzymolysis duration, and solid-liquid ratio as the independent variables, a three-level-three-factor scheme was designed using the Box-Behnken method. After that, the antioxidant activity of AEPS was determined by the free radical scavenging ability experiments. Results: The optimal process conditions for the extraction process of AEPS using complex enzymes were as follows: enzymolysis at 54 ℃ for 160 min, with a ratio of solid-liquid 1∶31 (g/mL). Under the control of these conditions, the average AEPS extraction rate was (10.68±0.05)%, closing to 10.78% predicted by the model. According to the DPPH assay, the half-maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC₅₀) of AEPS concerning the free radicals and hydroxyl radicals were 2.00 mg/mL and 3.05 mg/mL, respectively. With the increasing polysaccharide concentration, the scavenging rate increased, with the maximum scavenging of 78.10% and 70.10%. Conclusion: The extraction rate of polysaccharides of Aralia elata was improved by the compound enzyme method, and AEPS had higher antioxidant activity.

Abstract:Objective: An efficient and green method of peeling tomatoes was explored. Methods: A dry peeling method of tomatoes was carried out based on catalytic infrared equipment, and the effects of technological parameters on peeling performance and pulp quality of tomatoes were investigated and compared with traditional peeling methods of hot water and lye. Results: Infrared heating distance, temperature and time all had significant effects on the peelability and pulp quality of tomatoes. The optimum technological parameters of tomato dry peeling based on catalytic infrared was infrared heating temperature of 450 ℃, distance of 25 cm and time of 5 min. Under these conditions, the peelability of tomato was high as 98%, the firmness （7.60 g/mm²） and lycopene content （30.39 mg/kg） of pulp were the best, and the color was bright red. Compared with the traditional hot water and lye peeling methods, catalytic infrared peeling method was a dry peeling method, which was an environmentally friendly peeling method. After the catalytic infrared peeling treatment, the tomato pulp had the highest hardness, lycopene content, more red color and good pulp integrity. Catalytic infrared peeling treatment had the least effects on the microstructure of peel and flesh, but had an obvious effect on the microstructure of the connecting layer of peel and flesh, which promoted the separation of peel and flesh, indicating that the mechanism of infrared peeling was different from those of other peeling methods. Conclusion: Catalytic infrared peeling method is more suitable for tomato peeling processing and can achieve efficient peeling, green environmental protection and guarantee product quality.

Abstract:Objective: This study aimed to effectively utilize a large amount of dietary fiber andpectic polysaccharides in okra fermented wine pomace and turn waste into treasure. Methods: The processing technology and related characteristics of okra dietary fiber ultrafine powder were studied by wet ultrafine grinding and spray drying technology. Results: The results showed that okra fermented wine pomace was treated by colloid mill three times; then homogenized by high-pressure homogenizer for three times with 40 MPa of the homogenization pressure; after homogenization, spray drying was made with 210 ℃ in the inlet air temperature, 40 Hz of the fan frequency, solids content 7% of the pulp, and the feeding speed was 1 000 mL/h. The related properties of dietary fiber ultrafine powders from okra fermented wine pomace were tested. The results showed that the water holding capacity was 10.5%, moisture content was 16.5%, bulk density was 0.24 g/mL, tap density was 0.33 g/mL, compressibility was 28%, angle of repose was 52.8°, and ash content was 3.31%. Conclusion: Compared with the traditional enzyme treatment or alkali treatment, dietary fiber ultrafine powder preparation technology can effectively increase dietary fiber content, which can meet the requirements of high-quality dietary fiber.

Abstract:Objective: this study focuses on improving the water solubility of coconut oil and expand its application in food industry. Methods: According to the characteristics of the solubility of coconut oil, soybean lecithin - deoxycholate was used as shell material with coconut-oil core to establish coconut-oil bile salt liposomes by thin film dispersion method. Response surface optimization (RSM) was carried out according to the encapsulation rate, and the effects of several factors, including soybean lecithin/deoxycholate ratio, PBS/ anhydrous ethanol ratio, sample fat ratio, ultrasonic time, hydration time and hydration temperature, on the encapsulation rate were investigated. Results: The results showed that the optimal preparation conditions were soybean lecithin/deoxycholate salt ratio of 2.53, sample fat ratio of 0.56, hydration temperature of 64.7 ℃, and the encapsulation efficiency of coconut oil bile salt liposomes was 58.09%. Conclusion: The encapsulation efficiency of coconut oil bile salt liposomes made by thin film dispersion method is favorable, and can improve the water solubility of coconut oil.

Abstract:Objective: In order to study the influence of different slicing methods on the quality index of cured cut tobacco after redrying processing. Methods: The formula tobacco leaves of a certain specification were divided into 4 parts on average, and then sliced after different slicing treatments. The structure, filling value, petroleum ether extract content and total aroma components of dried cut tobacco were determined. In order to eliminate the correlation between different quality indexes, principal component analysis （PCA） was used to reduce the dimension of the quality indexes of cut tobacco. Finally, the sensory quality of cut tobacco was evaluated under different cutting methods. Results: ① There were differences in the structure, filling value, petroleum ether extract content and total aroma components of cut tobacco under different cutting methods; ② The principal component 1 can reflect the information of cut tobacco （＜2.8 mm）, filling value, petroleum ether extract content and total aroma components, and the principal component 3 can reflect the information of whole cut tobacco （2.8～4.0 mm）. The results of principal component analysis showed that the result of principal component 1 under C condition（Two thirds of the oversized tobacco pieces larger than 42 mm were screened out for slitting） was the best, significantly better than other treatment conditions, the result of principal component 3 under D condition （Large tobacco leaves larger than 42 mm were screened out and cut）was the best, followed by C condition, obviously better than the other two conditions; ③ The results of sensory evaluation showed that 4 under A（As for the control, no slitting） and C conditions, the aroma quality, aroma quantity and taste of dried tobacco were better than the other two conditions. Conclusion: Different slicing methods can change the quality of cut tobacco, so the structure of cut tobacco can be controlled by slicing, so as to reduce the waste of tobacco raw materials and improve the quality of cigarette.

Abstract:The research on the processing characteristics of purple potato-wheat mixed flour in recent years, and the changes of purple potato flour on the rheological properties of wheat dough in terms of silty, texture, stretching, dynamic rheology were summarized. The change law of the influence of gelatinization and aging on the thermodynamic properties was reviewed. Moreover, the existing problems in the current research on purple sweet potato-wheat mixed flour were analyzed, and the future research directions has been prospected.

Abstract:The types and applications of botanical tannin was reviewed. Moreover, the purification process and functional activity of tannin were summarized, and the relative mechanism was preliminarily introduced. The research direction in the future was also prospected.

Abstract:This paper summarized the cell structure, wall breaking morphology and wall-breaking methods of rape bee pollen, analyzed and compared the advantages and disadvantages of various wall-breaking methods, summarized the application and development status of wall breaking rape bee pollen, and prospected the research on wall-breaking technology of rape bee pollen in the later stage.