Abstract:In this study, the effects of heating temperature on the gelation properties of duck albumen with 0.50% NaOH were studied by measuring the texture, water-holding capacity, pH, color, SDS-PAGE and net-work protein of duck albumen in the range of 65~95 ℃. The results showed that the firmness of the gel increased from 68.88 g to the maximum 652.35 g (70 ℃) after heating, with an increase of 8.47 times. Moreover, the elasticity increased from 45.20% to 77.5% as heated to 95 ℃. The water-holding capacity of the alkali-induced duck albumen gel increased to a maximum of 89.02% at 75 ℃, and then decreased to 79.03% at 95 ℃. The gel pH value decreased from 11.18 to 10.78 ℃ after heated to 95 ℃. The Browning degree of albumen deepened with the increase of temperature. After heating above 65 ℃, protein aggregation occurred and a new band with a molecular weight greater than 97.4 kDa was found in the electrophoresis pattern. Net-work protein content reached the maximum value of 8.15% at 75 ℃, and then decreased to 7.21% at 95 ℃ due to thermal decomposition. In conclusion, the alkali-induced gel of 0.50% NaOH with excellent texture characteristics could be obtained by heating at 70 ℃.

Abstract:Effects of monosaccharide (glucose and fructose) on the retrogradation of lotus seed starch were studied from the aspects of crystal structure, molecular structure and molecular weight. The results of X-ray diffraction, nuclear magnetic resonance and infrared spectrum showed that glucose and fructose could inhibit the recrystallization of lotus seed starch. The crystallinity, double helix structure and short-range ordered structure decreased, and the proportion of amorphous area increased in the composite system, indicating that glucose and fructose might inhibit the retrogradation of starch. The inhibition of glucose on starch retrogradation was more significant than fructose, which might be related to the enhancement of glucose-water interaction. Gel permeation chromatography analysis showed that the molecular weight Mn and Mw of glucose and lotus seed starch composite system increased significantly when compared with lotus seed starch alone, while the Mn and Mw of fructose system decreased significantly.

Abstract:47 isolates with obvious calcium dissolving circle were screened from fermented grains for light-Baijiu brewing by MRS calcium carbonate medium. Through physiological and biochemical characteristics and 16S rDNA sequences, it was found that the closed lactic acid bacteria strains were 20 strains Lactobacillus brevis, 16 strains L. plantarum, 7 strains L. buchneri, and 4 strains L. pentosus, respectively. By turbidimetric method, the autolysis of 47 strains of lactic acid bacteria was determined, and their autolysis ranged from 5.01%~29.27%. There was no correlation between the autosolubility and species, showing strains specificity. The autolysis characteristic of the 9 strains with high autolysis, MC30-2, LB27, YP15-1, SL25-1, SL33, MC46-2, YP49-1 and LB60, were analyzed. The results showed that the autolysis of most strains increased with the increase of environmental temperature and pH value.

Abstract:This test evaluated the auxiliary hypoglycemic effect of cakes processed from bitter almond flour, Luo Han Guo powder, resistant starch, polydextrose and other materials on patients with type 2 diabetes. The test used a self-matching design, during the 12-week test period, and subjects were interspersed with a control breakfast and a test breakfast. The subjects were tested for fasting blood glucose, 2 hours postprandial blood glucose, glycated hemoglobin, and safety indicators. The results showed that test cakes can significantly reduce the 2 h postprandial blood glucose (P≤0.01) and glycated hemoglobin (P≤0.01) in diabetic patients. There was no significant difference in effect among different test cakes, and no adverse effects on health were observed in the test.

Abstract:The electrophilic components in Xiaoheiyao were knocked out by GSH functionalized magnetic nanoparticles (GSH-MNPs) and characterized by LC-MS analysis, and the effect and mechanism of the electrophilic components in Xiaoheiyao for reducing lipid accumulation and oxidative stress in hepatocytes were evaluated, based on free fatty acid (FFA)-induced HepG2 cells. The ethyl acetate fraction was determined as the most electrophilic components-enriched part of Xiaoheiyao. At the concentration of 0.5~2.0 μg/mL, the petroleum ether, ethyl acetate and water fractions of Xiaoheiyao exhibited the activities of decreasing hepatic lipid accumulation and ROS production, in which the ethyl acetate fraction showed the best activities. The ethyl acetate fraction of Xiaoheiyao decreased the intracellular levels of TG and TC while increased the activities of the antioxidant enzymes. After electrophilic components in ethyl acetate fraction were knocked out by GSH-MNPs, the activities for the decreasing TG and TC levels and increasing the activities of antioxidant enzymes were significantly compromised. After treated with ethyl acetate fraction, the expression of Nrf2 and its downstream genes NQO1, HO-1 and GCLC were upregulated. Moreover, the expression of genes for lipid synthesis, including SREBP1c, ACC1, and FAS, were found downregulated, while the expression genes PPARα and CPT1A, involved in lipidolysis, were upregulated. After the electrophilic components were knocked out, the effects of the ethyl acetate fraction on regulating lipid metabolism and redox-related genes were significantly reduced. Seven mass features were found by LC-MS and concluded as electrophilic components when comparing the ethyl acetate fractions before and after treated with GSH-MNPs. The mechanism of electrophilic components in Xiaoheiyao improving the hepatic steatosis induced by FFA was associated with the regulation of the genes related to lipid metabolism and redox.

Abstract:The antioxidant activity and content of bioactive substances, including γ- aminobutyric acid, epicatechin, epigallocatechin gallate, saponins and polyphenols, in black quinoa, red quinoa and white quinoa were studied in this study. The results showed that, after 72 h germination treatment, the content of γ-aminobutyric acid in black, red and white quinoa increased to 110.10, 157.40 and 135.70 mg/100 g at maximum, respectively. The increase rate of the epicatechin was the biggest, and they were found to be 7.11, 5.32 and 1.32 times, respectively. Among which, the content of epigallocatechin gallate increased by 4.23, 2.79 and 3.29 times, respectively. In addition, the saponins content and total polyphenols content of the three kinds of quinoa increased with the prolongation of germination time. The increase of DPPH clearance rate and iron ion reducing ability indicated that germination could improve the antioxidant activity of quinoa in vitro. The results showed that the content of beneficial bioactive substances and antioxidant capacity of quinoa could be effectively improved by germination treatment.

Abstract:Preparation of soluble dietary fiber (SDF) and insoluble dietary fiber (IDF) using Pinus Koraiensis nut coated-film as raw material, and xylanase in insoluble dietary fiber modification, prepared modified soluble fiber (MSDF) and modified insoluble dietary fiber (MIDF), and determined the dialysis delay index of glucose, cholesterol, sodium cholate adsorption capacity and glucose. Results: the glucose adsorption capacity of MSDF was significantly higher than that of SDF, and the glucose adsorption capacity of MIDF was significantly higher than that of IDF. In the simulated gastric environment, the cholesterol adsorption capacity of modified dietary fiber was improved, and MSDF was significantly higher than SDF. The adsorption capacity of MIDF sodium cholate was significantly higher than IDF, up to 60.73 mg/g, which was 2.98 times that of IDF. The glucose dialysis delay index of MIDF was higher than IDF, and it became stable at 120 min, reaching 21.69%, and increased significantly of 7.24% than IDF. Therefore, xylanase can improve the functional properties of pine fiber film dietary fiber, and the xylanase modification is an excellent modification method on dietary fiber of nut coated-film.

Abstract:The volatile components were extracted and identified by solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC/MS), and the relative content of components were analyzed by area normalization. The results showed that 57, 63, and 60 kinds of compounds were identified from the roots, stems and leaves, and flowers of H. coroarium, accounting for 83.864%, 66.624%, 86.912% of the total volatile components, respectively. Among which 36 kinds of were common. The content of β-pinene in the three parts was relatively high. Most of the volatile components isolated from ginger roots, stems and leaves, flowers are mites. In the development and utilization of raw materials and flavors and fragrances in the pharmaceutical industry, the relative content of H. coroarium components has played a guiding role.

Abstract:Seven types of Guizhou kidney beans were used to evaluate their quality based on principal component analysis of main nutritional components. The results showed that the content of protein in kidney beans ranged from 19.11% to 23.69%. The total contents of the dietary fiber were found ranging from 23.09% to 27.60%, and those in British red bean were the highest. Seven kinds of kidney beans were rich in Ca, Mg, P, and K, ranging from 0.09% to 0.20%, 0.19% to 0.29%, 0.45% to 0.61%, and 1.48% to 1.69%, respectively; The contents of glutamic acid, aspartic acid, and leucine in these kidney beans were higher than that of the other amino acids, which ranged from 3.41% to 4.61%, 2.52% to 3.33%, and 1.68% to 2.28% of their dry weights, respectively. After the principal component analyses, five principal components were extracted, and the cumulative variance contribution rate reached 95.711%. The information of the original 18 indicators was explained by the main factors such as protein, manganese, amino acid, fat, dietary fiber, potassium, and sodium. The comprehensive scores were calculated by the evaluation model, and the top three varieties were found to be British Red, Long 12-2614, and Ke Yun 1.

Abstract:Reconstituted tobacco sheet (RTS) was first modified by ternary intumescent flame retardant (IFR) coating, composed of chitosan (CS), ammonium polyphosphate (APP), and montmorillonite (MMT) by basepaper coating techniques. The effects of composite coating on the combustion behavior and thermal degradation of RTS were studied by micro-scale combustion calorimetry (MCC) and TG-FTIR. MCC experiments confirmed that the CS-APP-MMT-RTS exhibited a 56.1% reduction in total heat release and a 42.8% reduction in peak heat release rate, relative to the uncoated RTS. TG-FTIR results showed that CS-APP-MMT coating reduced the maximum mass loss rate and the release of harmful gaseous products at the stage of char decomposition. Moreover, for CS-APP-MMT-RTS cigarette, the highest temperature of burning cone decreased by 39.0 ℃, thus demonstrating the high reduction of temperature and flammability.

Abstract:In this study, a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method for the efficient detection of alternariolmethyl ether (AME) in wheat was developed. The sample was extracted with acetonitrile/ methanol/ water (volume ratio 45/10/45), shaken at 30 ℃ for 30 minutes, and purified by Bond Elut Plexa solid-phase extraction cartridge. Then the sample was detected with a Variable wavelength detector. In this method, the limit of detection (LOD) of AME was 2.52 μg/kg, and the limit of quantification (LOQ) was 8.40 μg/kg, and the linear range was 0.25~2.00 μg/mL. The concentration of AME recovery was 80.1%~88.3%, the intra-day precision and inter-day precision were 2.13%~6.59% and 3.57%~8.43%, respectively.

Abstract:In order to study the fluorescent dye thiazole orange as a fluorescent molecular switch and a cadmium ion nucleic acid aptamer for the detection of cadmium ions. The effects were examined, from different pH values, thiazole orange-aptamer concentration ratio, binding time of thiazole orange to aptamer, and binding time of aptamer to cadmium ion on the fluorescence intensity of the system. The results showed that when the pH value was 7, the thiazole orange-aptamer concentration ratio was 7∶3, the binding time of thiazole orange and aptamer was 15 min, and the binding time of aptamer and cadmium ion was 20 min. Under these conditions, the fluorescence intensity and cadmium ion concentration showed a good linear relationship, with a linear range from 2.00 ng/mL to 80.00 ng/mL, and the detection limit was 0.23 ng/mL. This method does not require fluorescent labeling of the aptamer, and the operation is simple.

Abstract:A method for the determination of 29 semi-volatile organic compounds in drinking water by large volume injection-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was established. The samples were extracted by liquid-liquid extraction with methyl tert-butylether solvent, and the samples were injected in large volume by solvent emptying mode programmed heating up. Multi-Reaction ion Monitoring (MRM) and internal standard method were used to quantify the samples. Results: The calibration curves were linear in the concentration of 0.2~10.0 μg/L, and the correlation coefficient was greater than 0.994. The detection limits of the method was in the range of 0.003~0.110 μg/L, the recovery rates was in the range of 61.7%~108.6%, and the relative standard deviation was in the range of 1.5%~8.7%. The method is simple, sensitive and accurate, which is suitable for the detection of 29 semi-volatile organic compounds in drinking water.

Abstract:Magnetic solid phase extraction(MSPE) based on Fe3O4-grafted graphene oxide (Fe₃O₄@GO) was combined with thermal desorption-gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrom-etry(TD-GC-MS/MS) to develop an organic solvent free quantitative analysis method for the determination of 7 kinds of indicative polychlorinated biphenyls(PCBs) in water. The factors affecting the extraction efficiency, induding amount of Fe₃O₄@GO, extraction time and pH value of water sample, were investigated. Under the control of the optimized conditions, an excellent linearity was observed in the range of 2~100 ng/L for the 7 kinds of PCBs, with the correlation coefficients(r)＞0.98. The detection limits (S/N=3) and the quantitation limits (S/N=10) were 0.18~0.40 ng/L and 0.57~1.32 ng/L, respectively. The mean recoveries at 2 spiked levels ranged from 85.9% to 106.2% with relative standard deviations(RSD) of 4.0%~13.1%. The proposed method could be used in the monitoring of trace PCBs contaminants in water sample.

Abstract:Many issues areexisting in the legislations about the punitive damages of food consumption. The punitive damages correspond to different types, whole the relevant regulations are scattered and disordered. Specifically, the uncertain foundation of the right to claim and the conflict rules in competition and cooperation are mostly concerned, and the disputes in cases of determining the subjects of legal rights and the subjects of responsibility matter significantly. By analyzing current regulations and cases, the resolutions of these deficiencies are proposed, and the foundation of the right to claim should be determined by the base number types of punitive damages. As for the conflict of multiple responsibility types, the subjects of legal rights safeguarding should be allowed to make choices, and the court shall remind the plaintiff of whether the litigation claims should be changed. To balance the rights of the vulnerable party and maintain the food market order, a distinction should be made between the Profes-sional counterfeit hunters and the Intentional buyers of fake products, and help determining the subjects of the punitive damages of food consumption.

Abstract:A method for the determination of 11 volatile substances in cigarette cut tobacco by headspace-stirring rod solid phase microextraction-thermal desorption-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SBSE-TD-GC-MS) was established. The parameters were optimized in the tobacco flavoring process, and the sample pretreatment method and thermal desorption operation conditions were optimized. ① Under the control of the optimized experimental conditions, the correlation coefficient R2 was higher than 0.998, and the detection limit and the lower limit of quantitation were 0.052~0.524 μg/g and 0.172~1.684 μg/g, respectively; ② The spike recovery was at 85.2%~97.6% and the relative standard deviation of the determination results was at 2.7%~6.0%; ③ Through this method, the flavoring process drum frequency and damper size were optimized as 40 r/min and 90%, respectively, and the best aroma evaluation in sensory evaluation results were obtained under the control of these conditions. The method had high sensitivity and good linearity, and could be used as an effective means to optimize the parameters of tobacco flavoring process.

Abstract:Chinese food trade is expanding rapidly as the “Belt and Road” moves in an orderly fashion among countries along the route, and the food trade disputes among them are becoming more prominent. Due to the late establishment of the legal system of food safety in China, the food safety standards are not unified enough and un-satisfied with the international standards. In this regard, we should adjust the domestic food safety standards in response to international requirements on the basis of further improving the domestic legal system for food safety and security. Furthermore, this can also construct the legal mechanism of Chinese food trade dispute settlement from the aspects of establishing unified food safety and quality standards covering the countries along the “Belt and Road”, mastering the right to speak in the formulation of regional rules for food safety and security, and implementing the legal mechanism.

Abstract:A low energy consumption drying device based on integration of membrane distillation and liquid desiccant dehumidification was proposed. The basic idea was to transfer the moisture in the material to the liquid desiccant by the dehumidifying-drying unit, and then the moisture absorbed by the liquid desiccant was separated and removed by liquid desiccant regeneration unit. Based on a brief introduction to the structure and principle of the device, an estimation formula for SMER (Specific moisture extraction rate) of the device was given and the SMER of the device can reach 6.36 kg/(kW·h) under typical operating conditions. An experimental device for dehumidifying-drying unit was developed. The heat-sensitive cotton fiber with hydrophilic surface was used as the material to be dried and 50% LiBr aqueous solution was used as the liquid desiccant. And it showed that the moisture in the material was successfully transferred to the liquid desiccant and the experimental device had characteristics such as self-stability and energy self-balance. A liquid desiccant regeneration experimental device based on hollow fiber bundle-sleeve tube air gap membrane distillation module was also developed, and the concentration and regeneration of 50% LiBr aqueous solution was successfully achieved, and the regeneration process had high separation efficiency.

Abstract:Taking crucian as the test object, and the main factors are the jet pressure, jet incident angle, jet target distance, and feed speed of the material plate as the main factors, investigated the trend and extent of the influence of these factors on the descaling rate and fish damage of crucian based on the self-developed water jet descaling experimental bench. The results showed that the optimal conditions for crucian descaling were as followed: jet pressure 10 MPa, incidence angle 60°, target distance 11 cm and feed rate 5 cm/s. Under the conditions, the descaling rate was 89.1%, and the sensory evaluation score of fish damage was 0.88.

Abstract:In order to overcome the shortcomings of manually cutting the bowl-shaped jellyfish, with inefficient and costly, high consumption of energy and serious pollution, a new bowl-shaped jellyfish spiral cutting system driven by a servo electric cylinder was designed. The corresponding three-dimensional solid model was constructed by using SolidWorks software and the dynamics simulation of the spiral cutting system was completed by HyperMesh/LS-DYNA software. Moreover, the process of cutting jellyfish with spiral cutter, the process of jellyfish skin failure and knife path formation were dynamically simulated. The change curve of shear force, and the characteristics of stress, strain and dynamic during the cutting process of jellyfish were obtained, and the validity of the simulation results was confirmed by experiments.

Abstract:According to the distribution of the key points on the meshing line of the rotor profile of the twin screw compressor, the meshing line of the screw rotor profile was divided into five segments. The influence of the change of each segment on the performance parameters of the rotor profile was then discussed in detail. The resulted showed that the area utilization coefficient changes were associated with the area enclosed by the meshing line, which meant the sum of the area between the teeth of male rotor and female rotor changed to be larger. Only three segments of the sealing side of the meshing line had an effect on the area of the leakage triangle, and the changes of contact line length were complicated and closely related to the rotor profile.

Abstract:The author firstly designs three kinds of stirring mechanism of a certain type of cooking robot, which are called uniaxial stirring mechanism, forward and backward stirring mechanism,planetary stirring mechanism, and then carries out multi-body dynamic simulation analysis for each kind of design. The spherical particle flow is used to simulate the dish material, and the simulation animation video and the motion trajectory of food particles are obtained. The results show that the planetary stirring mechanism can stir the material most thoroughly.

Abstract:The palletizing robot and palletizing system were investigated, and the method of the relative work model was established. The description of both positive and negative kinematics was also established, and the dynamic characteristics were analyzed by Lagrange dynamics. Moreover, an adaptive fuzzy PID control method was proposed to study the dynamic characteristics of the robot. Thereafter, the motion control and adaptive fuzzy control algorithms were simulated, and this controller showed better performance.

Abstract:The effects of moisture content, loading speed and loading direction on the compression characteristics of walnut were studied in this paper. Xinfeng walnut was compressed under different conditions, and a finite element model was established for walnut extrusion cracking. The largest cracking force was found when the walnut shell was compressed in the direction of thickness, and the largest cracking diffusion area also appeared in this direction, which resulted in removing the whole kernel more easily. Finally, through two kinds of walnut cracking tests of compressing and impact, it was shown that multiple and multi-range impact loading could make the walnut shell crack more even, with higher rate of kernel.

Abstract:In order to improve the production efficiency of slim cigarette, the stability of cigarette physical characteristics and further understand the variations between operating parameters and cigarette making condition, influence of needle roller overfeed, air fan pressure and stem separation air pressure on slim cigarette making machine operating conditions and cigarette physical characteristics were studied by the methods of 3 factors and 3 levels orthogonal design and mathematical statistics. The results are as follows: ① needle roller overfeed, air fan pressure and stem separation air pressure, the three cigarette making machine operating parameters, have different effects on slim cigarette making machine operating conditions and cigarette physical characteristics; ② Needle roller overfeed has significant difference with trimmer disc position, loose and rate and end density amount (P＜0.05); ③ With the needle roller overfeed increased, trimmer disc position decreased, end density amount increased, loose and rate decreased, and content of loss of tobacco from the ends decreased; ④ Air fan pressure has significant difference with trimmer disc position (P＜0.05); ⑤ With the negative air fan pressure increase, trimmer disc position decreased. In summary, with the needle roller overfeed increased, loose and rate of slim cigarette making machine will decreased and the quality of slim cigarettes will be improved.

Abstract:The current chopstick quality inspection machines on the market cannot effectively sort chopped chopsticks with burrs. Aiming at this problem, in this paper, a method for detecting burr defects of chopsticks based on improved YOLOv3 algorithm is proposed. By removing the 32x down-sampling detection layer in the YOLOv3 network multi-scale detection, adding a 4x down-sampling layer in the YOLOv3 network to further obtain deep features. Thereafter, it was fused with the shallow features in the second down-sampling, and let the network learn the deep and shallow features and re-cluster the anchor box size, with changing the hyper-parameters of the YOLOv3 network, including reducing jitter and the weight-decay regular term, and increasing the batch size. Finally, a suitable momentum value was selected to improve the original network. When IOU=50, the average detection accuracy of the improved network increased from 89% to 94%, and the accuracy rate increased by 4%, with the recall rate increasing by 9% and the average IOU increasing by 3.5%. The average detection speed increased from 16.8 to 21.0 frames per second. The experimental results showed that the method in this study had higher detection efficiency than the traditional chopstick quality inspection machine, which could meet the detection needs of chopstick burr defects.

Abstract:Firstly, measured the contact angle of yogurt on films, verified the anti-adhesive effect of films with two different methods and then tested the hygienic performance of the modified films. The results showed that: 7% silicone oil + 93% polypropylene mixed modified film and 8% polytetrafluoroethylene + 92% polypropylene modified film had the best performance. The contact angles were: 85.97° and 98.84° respectively. After the verification of two anti-adhesive methods, the yogurt residues of the 7% silicone oil-modified film were 28.67% and 23.45% respectively, and the yogurt residues of the 8% polytetrafluoroethylene-modified film were 26.61% and 23.11% respectively; After safety verification, the modified films meet the requirements of national food packaging materials.

Abstract:In order to improve the mechanical property, Konjac glucomannan (KGM) was mixed with nano-Fe₃O₄ to prepare the composite membrane by electrospinning technology. Results indicate that the content of raw materials, including nano-Fe₃O₄, KGM, glycerin, and Na₂CO₃, had considerable impact on the mechanical property of composite membrane. When the ratio of nano-Fe₃O₄, KGM, glycerin, and Na₂CO₃ in the composite membrane was 1.0%, 1.2%, 0.1% and 0.1% respectively, the tensile strength was 28.35 MPa and the elongation at break was 6.42%.

Abstract:In order to investigate the effect of ⁶⁰Co-gamma ray and electron beam irradiation on the microbial property and qualities of black broken tea, different doses of 60Co-gamma ray irradiation and electron beam irradiation were used to irradiate black broken tea, and the effects of ⁶⁰Co-gamma ray irradiation and electron beam irradiation on microorganism, quality composition and sensory quality of black broken tea were studied. The results showed that both ⁶⁰Co-gamma ray irradiation and electron beam irradiation could effectively inhibit the microbial pollution in black broken tea. It was found that the ⁶⁰Co-gamma ray irradiation D10 of bacteria was 1.70 kGy, and the electron beam irradiation D10 of bacteria was 2.66 kGy. No obvious influence on the water extraction and amino acid of black broken tea was found after the irradiation treatment, while the content of tea polyphenols and caffeine were reduced, and the content of soluble sugar increased. The ⁶⁰Co-gamma ray irradiation could increase the ash content of black broken tea, while the electron beam irradiation had no significant influence on it. Compared with the two irradiation methods at similar doses, the effect of ⁶⁰Co-gamma ray irradiation on the microbicidal efficacy and ash content was stronger than that of electron beam irradiation. However, the effect of electron beam irradiation on tea polyphenols, caffeine and soluble sugar was greater than that of ⁶⁰Co-gamma ray irradiation. Therefore, some differences of the effects between the ⁶⁰Co-gamma ray and electron beam irradiations on the hygienic quality of black broken tea were found, and their applications should be further analyzed and determined.

Abstract:The purpose of this paper was to predict the growth dynamics of dominant spoilage bacteria for Spanish mackerel in different cold-chain logistics temperatures. The total viable counts (TVC), Shewanella counts and Pseudomonas counts were analyzed respectively, and the total volatile base nitrogen (TVB-N) and sensory quality index(QI)value at the end of the shelf life of Spanish mackerel were evaluated at 0, 4, 10 ℃ cold-chain logistics simulation. On the basis of the dynamic change of SSO with modified Gompertz equation, Belehradek equation was used to construct the prediction models of growth and shelf life for SSO in Spanish mackerel at 0~10 ℃. The results showed that the modified Gompertz equation could describe the dynamic microbial growth in Spanish mackerel at different storage temperatures with the fitting degree of R2 up to 0.99. The temperature dependence of Pseudomonas kinetic parameters μmax(maximum specific growth rate)and λ(lag phase)were modeled using Belehradek model which the correlation greater than 0.90. Compared with experimental studies of Pseudomonas grown on Spanish mackerel at 2, 8 ℃, the kinetic model was verified. Bias and accuracy factors were used as comparison indices and range from 1.010 4 to 1.024 5 and from 1.026 8 to 1.038 7, respectively. The absolute relative error of shelf life prediction model was 6.09%~8.95%. In conclusion, the model established in this study could accurately predict the growth dynamics of pseudomonas in Spanish mackerel at temperatures 0~10 ℃ so as to provide corresponding theoretical support for the prediction of shelf life in circulation of cold-chain Spanish mackerel and the development of reasonable preservation measures.

Abstract:Establish a prediction model for sensory quality of tobacco leaf alcoholization, which is used to predict sensory changes in the process of tobacco leaf alcoholization process, breaking through the traditional empirical method to guide tobacco leaf inventory turnover and formulation use. In this paper, 18 alcoholic sensory scores of the 18 different samples in 4 warehouses were taken as initial samples at intervals of 6 months, totally 36 months. Firstly, Through factor analysis, the tobacco alcoholization level is divided, and then to perform BP neural network test and prediction,the results show that this model is feasible and effective for predicting the sensory quality of tobacco leaf alcoholization, and Mean Squared Error(MSE) is 1.00E 06. It is predicted that the degree of alcoholification of tobacco leaves in the 42th month can only be seen as a failure of Liangshan Huili C3F。

Abstract:Investigated effects of vitamin B complex TRP peptides and SOD on the anti-oxidative activity in brain tissue, serum inflammatory factor levels and reverse anxious/depression-like behaviors. Vitamin B complex TRP peptide and SOD (V_B3︰ V_B6︰TRP peptide︰SOD = 2︰10︰3︰4; VBPS) high, medium and low gavage doses were 260, 195, 130 mg/(kg·d), respectively. Studies showed that VBPS could reverse the anxious/depression-like behaviors and the slow body weight gain, with VBPS at a high dose being more effective. VBPS showed to control the effects of serum inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β and IFN-γ), decrease malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and increase superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity. In addition, VBPS induced down-regulation of TRP–KYN metabolism and up-regulation of KYN–NAD⁺ metabolism. In summary, results from animal experiments showed that VBPS had a significant anti-anxious depression effects as evidenced by anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidation, reversed behavioral dysfunctions and bodyweight of mice treated with VBPS compared to the anxious depression control mice. It is proved that consume VBPS diets can induce significant beneficial effects on anxious depression.

Abstract:

In order to investigate the antioxidation and antibacterial effect of polyphenols from Lyophyllum Cinoraseens Konr & Maubl, crude polyphenols after ultrasonic-assisted ethanol extraction purified polyphenols with macroporous resin were used as raw materials to study the scavenging effect for ·OH, O · and DPPH· and antibacterial effect by the filter paper disc method. The results showed that crude polyphenols and purified polyphenols from Lyophyllum Cinoraseens Konr & Maubl both exhibit the scavenging effect for ·OH, O · and DPPH·, and there presented certain dose-effect relationship between scavenging ability and the concentration of polyphenols. Crude polyphenols and purified polyphenols showed different antibacterial activity against five tested microorganisms(Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Saccharomyces cerevisiae), and both of them had the strongest antibacterial effect on Saccharomyces cerevisiae under the same concentration. Purified polyphenols had the weakest antibacterial effect on Escherichia coli, while crude polyphenols had no antibacterial effect on Escherichia coli. The inhibitory effect on five tested microorganisms was positively correlated with the mass concentration of purified polyphenols. In addition to Escherichia coli, the inhibitory effect of on other four tested microorganisms was also positively correlated with the concentration of crude polyphenols. The antibacterial activity of purified polyphenols was better than that of crude polyphenols at the same concentration.

Abstract:The ultrasound-assisted extraction was applied to the extraction of polyphenols from the Cyclobalanopsis glauca fruit shells. The effects of the concentration of ethanol, solid-liquid ratio, ultrasonic time, and number of extraction cycles on the yield of phenolic yield were studied, and the extraction process was optimized by response surface methodology (RSM). Then the in vitro antioxidant activities of Cyclobalanopsis glauca shell fruit extract (CGSE), including ferric ion reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC), were evaluated. Results: The optimal extraction process were as followed: volume fraction of ethyl alcohol 50%, extracting time 25 min, solid-liquid ratio 1:40, extraction times 5. Under condition, the maximum extraction yield was 3.13%. The Cyclobalanopsis glauca Shells Extracts (CGSE) showed higher antioxidant activity with FRAP values of (984.44±123.15) mg FeSO₄/g·DW, and ORAC values of (200.15±23.24) mg Trolox/g·DW, which was higher than the commercial antioxidant 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol (BHT). The above results suggest that the Cyclobalanopsis glauca fruit shell might be a natural antioxidant resource.

Abstract:Optimization ultrasonic-assisted extraction of total flavonoid from leaves of phyllanthus emblica was investigated and its antioxidant capacity was determined. Through single factor experiment and orthogonal experiment, the optimization of ultrasonic-assisted extraction of total flavonoids was determined as follows, including the ratio of material to liquid 1:25 (g/mL), ethanol concentration 60%, ultrasonic power 70 W, and extraction at 60 ℃ for 20 min. Under the control of these conditions, the extraction rate of the total flavonoids from leaves of P. emblica was as high as 14.57%. Moreover, the total flavonoids from leaves of P. emblica were found good scavenging effect. With the use of 0.5 mg/mL total flavonoid, the clearance rate of ·OH was found to be 82.72%, and that of NaNO₂ was 66.14%. When 0.08 mg/mL total flavonoid was used, the clearance rate of DPPH· was determined to be 97.40%.

Abstract:An orthogonal test was utilized to optimize the ultrasonic-assisted extraction process of polysaccharides from Lilium davidii var waste bulb, and the stability of the polysaccharides was studied. The results showed that the optimum extraction conditions for ultrasonic-assisted extraction process were as followed: the ratio solid to liquid of 1:20 (g/mL), ultrasonic time of 60 min, ultrasonic power 250 W, and ultrasonic temperature 60 ℃. Under the conditions, the extracting rate of polysaccharides from Lilium davidii var was 18.44%. The anti-oxidization stability of polysaccharide extracts was poor, whicht was easy to be oxidized by H₂O₂, but has good anti-reduction ability.

Abstract:Microwave technology was applied to process black rice wine, effects of microwave power, microwave treatment temperature and microwave time on total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, total anthocyanins, colour and antioxidant activity of black rice wine were investigated. The results showed that the total phenol content, total flavonoids content, total anthocyanin content and antioxidant activity of the black rice wine obviously decreased after microwave treatment the black rice wine compared with the untreated black rice wine, and microwave treatment had little effect on the color change of black rice wine. The DPPH radical scavenging capacity, superoxide anion radical scavenging capacity, hydroxyl radical scavenging capacity and anti-lipid peroxidation capacity of black rice wine decreased gradually after microwave treatment, which was consistent with the change trend of total phenolics, total flavonoids and total anthocyanins. The measured indexes were basically consistent with the natural aging process, indicating that microwave treatment could assist the aging of black rice wine to some extent.

Abstract:In order to develop a kind of low-hardness blended beef tallow, the oxidation induction time of blended beef tallow and rapeseed oil was determined by Rancimat method, and the preservation period of blended beef tallow was calculated preliminarily. The hardness of the blended beef tallow at common temperature was measured by texture analyzer and compared with beef tallow and lard. The results showed that the oxidation induction time was (18.92±0.10)~(39.90±0.42) h, and the oxidation stability was between rapeseed oil and beef tallow. At a beef tallow ratio of 40% to 60%, the hardness of blended beef tallow was close to that of lard at several common temperatures. Combined with the changes of hardness values of blended beef tallow and lard at several common temperatures, the ratio of beef tallow in blended beef tallow was determined to be 40%~60%.

Abstract:Taking xylan (Xyl) and ferric chloride as substrates, the effects of the mass ratio of Xyl to sodium citrate, reaction temperature and pH on yield rate was investigated by single factor test. Preparation technology of xylan polysaccharides iron complex (XPC) was optimized by response surface methodology. The preliminary structure characterization of Xyl and XPC was performed by infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. The DPPH free radical, superoxide anion, hydroxyl radical and reducing power of XPC was also studied. The results showed that the optimum preparation conditions were as follows: the mass ratio of Xyl to sodium citrate of 3:1, reaction temperature of 70 ℃ and pH of 8.0. Under the optimal conditions, the yield of XPC was 66.59%, and the iron content was 22.57%. Infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction confirmed that iron (III) ions were successfully chelated with Xyl without destroying its basic framework. The maximum scavenging rates of XPC to DPPH, hydroxyl and superoxide anion radicals were 73.44%, 30.95% and 22.72%, respectively. Compared with Xyl, the antioxidant activities of XPC significantly increased.

Abstract:The best proportion of potato and rice was obtained by different proportion ratio. Thereafter, different amounts of soybean, mung bean and millet were added to determine their viscosity value, and the addition amount of each single factor was screened by combining with sensory score. The optimal formula of potato compound rice flour was determined by mixing design, and in vitro simulated digestion experiments were carried out on the potato compound rice flour prepared by combining the physiological characteristics of middle-aged and elderly. The results showed that the best formula of potato with rice flour consisted of 12.31% soybean, 20.84% mung bean, 24.36% millet, 14.88% potato, and 27.61% rice. The starch digestibility is 82.48%, meeting the basic nutritional needs of the elderly.

Abstract:Taking the local starter Jiaozi of shangqiu (1#), nanyang (2#) and xinxiang (3#) in Henan province as the research objects, the fermentation power, gluten index, amylase activity, pH value and titratable acidity of Jiaozi were determined, and the specific volume, whiteness and texture of the steamed bread were compared and analyzed. The results showed that 3# Jiaozi from Xinxiang was superior to the other two Jiaozi in fermentation capacity, amylase activity and acid production, and the steamed bread made by 3# Jiaozi had larger specific volume and better texture characteristics than the other two Jiaozi steamed bread. Therefore, 3# Jiaozi from Xinxiang could be more suitable for the production of steamed bread.

Abstract:Draw resistance and ventilation of cigarette are important indexes that affect the suction feeling, smoke and sensory quality of cigarette. In order to achieve the early prediction of draw resistance and ventilation of cigarette, the relevant factors were identified by analyzing the principle of draw resistance and ventilation, combined with a large number of data with different specifications and material characteristics. The prediction model of draw resistance and ventilation of cigarette was established by using multivariate adaptive regression splines (MARS) method. After verification, the normalized mean squared error (NMSE) of draw resistance prediction model was 0.276, and the average absolute error was 37.5 Pa; the NMSE of paper ventilation prediction model was 0.184, and the average absolute error was 0.91%; the NMSE of filter ventilation prediction model was 0.044, and the average absolute error was 1.27%. The results showed that the model could be applied to the prediction of cigarette draw resistance and ventilation in actual production, and provide a reference for cigarette materials matching in product design and production improvement.

Abstract:The recent development of improved ELISA was summarized. Nanomaterials as a substitute for traditional biological enzymes and signal substrates for colorimetry, fluorescence, electrochemistry, photothermal effects, surface enhanced Raman scattering, and chemiluminescence were also reviewed. Finally, the development direction and challenges of the improved ELISA were analyzed, and its application prospect was prospected.

Abstract:This paper discusses the influence on the energy saving effect of cold storage plate refrigerator from the aspects of phase change cold storage material, cold plate placement and thermal insulation material, and prospects the future research direction of cold storage plate refrigerator.