Abstract:In order to investigate the effects of microfluidization in different pressure combined with pullulanase debranching treatment on the structural properties and starch composition of lotus seed starch-glycerin monostearin complex, the determination of amylose, complex index, crystal structure, microstructural morphology and starch composition were discussed and analyzed. The results showed that the appropriate microfluidization conditions were more conducive to exert the debranching of pullulanase and facilitate the formation of lotus seed starch-glycerin monostearin complex. 80 MPa of microfluidization condition contributed to the crystal structure of the starch complex developing in the direction of high-microcrystalline V_6I-type, and the formation of the complexes would inhibit the gelatinization of starch caused by the thermal effect, while excessive microfluidization pressure would lead to the incomplete crystallization of starch and the phenomenon of re-gelatinization. On the other hand, the resistant starch proportion of V6I-type complex formed by microfluidization conditions of 80 MPa was significantly higher than that of other sample groups, which is of great significance for the development of new resistant starch.

Abstract:A lipase-producing Yarrowia lipolytica strain YL1 was mutagenized by atmospheric room temperature plasma. Tributyrin plate method, p-NPP method and acid-base titration method were used to screen out the target strain C4 with high lipase production, and then its genetic stability was studied. The results showed that the optimal mutagenesis time of Y. lipolytica strain YL₁ was 60 s, and the lethality rate of the strain reached 97.45%. The lipase activity of the mutant strain C4 was 13.4 U/mL, which was 82.6% higher than the original strain, and it was genetically stable after multiple generations of culture. Compared with the original strain, the mutant strain lipase could increase the synthesis-conversion rate of vitamin A palmitate by 36.9%.

Abstract:Two strains of fungi producing β-glucosidase were screened and identified from Martianus dermestoides. The conversion of rare ginsenosides and fermentation quality were improved by combined fermentation of the two strains. The dynamic fermentation process was studied, and the mechanism of ginsenoside transformation was clarified. Screening was performed by MRS (aesculin, ferric citrate) medium. Two fungi producing β-glucosidase were identified by 18S rRNA gene amplification. The strains were fermented with total ginsenoside, the fermentation products were analyzed by LC-MS/MS. Two fungi producing β-glucosidase were identified as genus Chaetomium and Aspergillus respectively. The fermentation products of WY1 reacted with total ginsenosides were Rd and Rh1. The fermentation products of WY2 reacted with total ginsenosides were Rd, Rh1, Rg3 and compound K. The conversion rates of Rh1, Rg3 and compound K were improved by WY1/ WY2 combined fermentation. The transformation path was Re→Rg1→Rh1; Rf→Rh1; Rb1/Rb2/Rc→Rd→Rg3/compound K. Protopanaxadiol-type ginsenosides were more easily converted than protopanaxatriol-type ginsenosides and most of the products are Rg3.

Abstract:The grains of Yangmai 20 and Xinmai 26 were used as raw materials in this study. The wheat flour with different particle sizes were milled by the Impact mill, the Hammer mill, and the Universal pulverizer. The basic physical and chemical indexes such as moisture and ash content were measured. The flowability parameters were obtained by laser particle analyzer and powder property testing instrument, and the flowability of wheat flour was analyzed by the Carr index method. The results showed that among the three milling methods, the wheat flour milled by the Impact mill had the best flowability, while no significance was foud in the flowability of the wheat flour milled by two other mills (P≥0.05). Otherwise, the wheat flour obtained by the Hammer mill has low water content.

Abstract:With fourteen kinds of Hetao wheat flour as the research object, the effects of wheat flour quality indexes, stretching indexes and alveograph indexs on steamed bread quality indexes were analyzed by principal component analysis and clustering analysis. The results showed that wet gluten and protein were positively correlated with the elasticity and resilience of steamed bread, and the correlation coefficients were 0.822, 0.791, 0.643 and 0.752, respectively. The alveograph index P value, W value and Ie value were significantly positively correlated with the specific volume of steamed bread (the correlation coefficient was 0.768 and 0.709). The contribution rate of variance of the first five principal components was 41.7%, 17.3%, 14.2%, 13.5% and 11.2% respectively, and the cumulative contribution rate was 97.9%, which can better reflect the comprehensive information of wheat flour quality. Cluster analysis showed that the formation time, stability time, maximum tensile resistance, maximum tensile ratio, L value, G value and W value of the fourth type of wheat flour were smaller, and the degree of weakening was larger, while the hardness of steamed bread was the largest.

Abstract:Taking the mung bean sprouts after drying as raw materials, the changes in the extraction amount, antioxidant activity and physical properties of mung bean sprouts polyphenols after airflow ultrafine crushing treatment were compared. The results show that the best conditions for ultrafine pulverization of air flow were as followed: pressure 0.5 MPa and speed 5 000 r/min. Compared with conventional crushing, the extraction of mung bean sprouts polyphenols increased by 10.74%. In addition to the reduction of DPPH free radical scavenging ability, the removal ability of mung bean sprouts polyphenols to ABTS⁺ free radicals and hydroxyl free radicals increased by 2.8% and 13.2%, respectively. The water content, water activity, and particle size were significantly reduced, and the specific surface area, solubility, and bulk density were increased, indicating that the air flow ultra-fine crushing had improved the effective utilization of mung bean sprout powder to a certain extent.

Abstract:In order to evaluate the safety of heat-not-burn tobacco sheets during suction and establish the theoretical basis for adding flavors and fragrances in the process of heat-non-burn cigarettes, the mainstream heating-not-burn tobacco samples from domestic and foreign markets were comprehensively analyzed from physical and chemical indicators, thermogravimetric analysis and pyrolysis analysis. The results showed that: the content of hot water extract was 49.98%~66.59%, which difference was not remarkable. And the content of total sugar was 6.62%~28.93%, the content of reducing sugar was 4.79%~22.30%, the content of total alkaloid was 0.14%~1.13%, the content of total nitrogen was 0.31%~2.50%, and the content of ash was 4.21%~11.10%. The temperature range of TG is 200~500 ℃, and the weight loss rate is 2.23%/min~12.33%/min. The final biochar yield rangeed from 4.89% to 11.96%, and the weight loss rate and final biochar yield were different. The main aroma components produced by pyrolysis of the heate-not-burn sheets included 2-methoxy-4-vinyl phenol, d-limonene, glycerol and n-hexadecanoic acid. The main harmful components produced by pyrolysis included butane, acetic acid, furfural and phenol. There were some differences in aroma components and harmful components in different slices.

Abstract:In order to solve the problem of fast detection of adulteration of mutton and pork, the spectral collection of adulterated mutton was carried out by using a multi-spectral instrument, and the reflectivity of samples at the band of 350~1 100 nm was obtained. For data preprocessing, Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) was used to optimize the Least Squares Support Vector Machine (LSSVM), and a Least Squares Support Vector Machine (PSO-LSSVM) model based on Particle Swarm Optimization was established, compared with Partial Least Squares(PLS), Back Propagation Neural Network (BPNN) and LSSVM models. The result showed that PSO algorithm could effectively optimize LSSVM model,and the decision coefficient and root mean square error of prediction was 0.920 4 and 0.089 2. Furthermore, Random frog (RF), Uninformative Variable Elimination (UVE) and Competitive Adaptive Reweighed Sampling (CARS) were used to extract the characteristic wavelengths and establishing the model of PLS. The results showed that the UVE-PLS model’s decision coefficient and the root mean square error of prediction set were 0.996 7 and 0.016 2, and UVE was better than other feature wavelengths extraction methods.

Abstract:A qualitative and quantitative method for simultaneous detection of 7 potential presence of illegally-added flavorings, including trans-anethole, coumarin, estragole, lawsone, methyleugenol, pulegone and trans-cinnamaldehyde in tea samples. Tea samples were extracted with acetonitrile-water served as a mixed solvent, subjected to whirlpool oscillation and then diluted properly. After that, anhydrous sodium sulfate, primary secondary amine (PSA) and octadecylsiyl silica gel (C₁₈) were added to the solvent for purification. The centrifugation, the supernatant was filtered over a membrane and separated on a Kinetex C₁₈ column. These 7 target compounds were determined by UHPLC-MS/MS in MRM mode, and quantified utilizing a matrix-matched external standard method. The results showed a good linearity from 0.8~1 600.0 μg/L and the value of the corresponding correlation coefficients (R2) were all larger than 0.999. The values of limit of detection were 0.02~0.03 mg/kg, and those of limit of quantification were 0.05~0.10 mg/kg, the average recoveries were 82.5%~102.5%, and the intra-day and inter-day RSD values were below 16% and 18%, respectively. A survey of 100 commercial tea samples was conducted, showing that trans-anethole, coumarin and estragole were present in green and black tea with maximum concentrations of 65.0, 2.0 and 72.2 mg/kg, respectively.

Abstract:To investigate the sanitary conditions of edible areca processing, improve the quality and safety of products, using spot investigation and lab test method, monitor the sanitary conditions of products and the processing environment in edible areca enterprise. The monitoring data will help the revision of detailed rules for the review of areca production licenses. The result shows, areca nuts storage condition improving and enhance the disinfection of production tools and workers, will effetely control the microbial contamination in production process, ensure the quality of products.

Abstract:The emergence of blockchain provides a solution of decentralized integration of resources and elimination of information asymmetry for food supply chain, but most of the current solutions are facing performance and storage bottlenecks. In response to this problem, this paper proposes a dual-chain storage optimized model for food supply chain data based on blockchain. The model builds a double-chain structure of the main chain and the digest chain. Nodes can choose the appropriate storage mode according to their needs, which alleviates the problem of block storage expansion. By adopting the improved Delegated Proof of Stake and Byzantine fault tolerance consensus mechanism with the credit system to elect accounting nodes, to prevent witch attacks at the same time to reduce transaction confirmation and verification time of blocks. Finally, through simulation experiments, it is verified that the solution can adapt well to the food supply chain, greatly optimize the storage resources, increase the speed of block generation, and improve the performance and throughput of the blockchain system.

Abstract:The strict legal responsibility and administrative punishment standards specified and set in the new regulations for the implementation of the food safety law are major achievements of the rule of law in implementing the food safety law. At present, the main problems faced by the implementation of the regulations are that the boundary of "punishment to people" is not clear and the application of "excessive punishment is equivalent" is not coordinated. In order to realize "good law and good governance", it is necessary to further standardize the exercise procedure of administrative penalty power and clarify the applicable standards of administrative penalty.

Abstract:This paper analyzes the current situation and types of supervision mechanism of online takeout food safety, analyzes the reasons of the problems existing in the mechanism, and perfects the feasibility of China's online takeout food safety supervision mechanism.。

Abstract:Shanghai Chongming rice wine was used as the main research subject in this study. The natural abundance of hydrogen and oxygen stable isotopes (δ²H and δ¹⁸O values), mineral elements and free amino acids content were analyzed. The discriminant models of Chongming rice wines were established and the characteristic variables were screened by principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA). The results showed that the δ²H and δ¹⁸O values, mineral elements and free amino acids content in rice wines from different geographic origins were different, but only δ²H and δ¹⁸O values and the content of Ca and Mn were statistically significant (P ＜0.05). The principal component analysis could realize the geographical origin discrimination of Chongming rice wines. The accuracy of the optimal model of PLS-DA for Chongming rice wines was 100%. Based on variable importance for the projection, eight variables including δ²H, Sr, Arg, Mn, Cu, Zn, Ca and δ¹⁸O were identified as the characteristic variables of Chongming rice wine for geographic origins discrimination. The results can be applied to the geographical traceability of rice wine.

Abstract:Through the introduction of digital signature technology, the specific and different application scenarios of various digital signature technologies were introduced. The basic principles and methods of food origin traceability were also discussed. The application of various digital signature techniques in food origin traceability was investigated, and the accuracy of food origin traceability cases based on different digital signature techniques was compared and studied. The development trend of digital signature technology in the field of food origin traceability was prospected.

Abstract:One of the important reasons for the current lack of trust in food safety among the public is the information asymmetry existing in the relevant core stakeholders. The primary prerequisite for building public trust mechanism of food safety is to clarify the rights and obligations of the stakeholders of the judiciary, government, enterprises and the public based on the background of information asymmetry. Based on an overview of the basic theories of public food management, this study discussed the main dilemmas that the current public food safety trust mechanism is difficult to form, and points out the main scopes and basic principles of building public food safety trust mechanism. we suggested that through cultivating a social environment based on judicial construction, the government's administrative management system and methods should be improved, and the industry self-discipline construction of food companies should be strengthened. Finally, the public participation in food safety would be enhanced and a public food safety trust mechanism could be established.

Abstract:Aiming at the problems of poor flow stability among the current rice whitening unit, low single machine efficiency, unbalanced whitening or excessive broken rice caused by overmilling, a rice whitening unit control system based on particle swarm optimization (PSO) optimized BP-PID control was proposed. Using the multi-machine collaborative optimization technology, the flow balance control by adjusting the ratio of the rice bran-removing powder and the matching operating parameters of the online rice whitening machine. The parameters of the PID controller was trained through the BP neural network, a mathematical model for the regulation of the rice whitening unit was established, and then PSO was introduced to optimize the performance of the BP neural network. The simulation test showed that the control system optimized by PSO had faster response speed, improved steady-state accuracy and good control effect.

Abstract:Aimed at the problem of incomplete discharge and sprinkling of powder material packaging machine during high-speed packaging, the geneva mechanism with curved groove was applied to automatic packaging machine to realize variable-speed feeding. This mechanism could run at lower speed in unloading area and at higher speed in non-unloading area. Using the relationship of Pro/E software, the 3D parameterized model of the feeding device was established. The results showed that the maximum packaging speed of variable speed feeding could be increased by 35.6%, and the geneva mechanism with curved groove was suitable for higher speed packing.

Abstract:It was studied the performance characteristics such as specific moisture extraction rate (SMER) of closed heat pump drying system with the condition of different air mass-flow-rate, relative humidity and with or without heat pipe. The results showed that the effects of heat pipe on SMER of closed heat pump drying system were very significant, and the application of heat pipe could enhance the system SMER by 20%~200% under test conditions. Under the condition of the constant temperature and constant relative humidity, the SMER of the system had a maximum value while the air mass-flow-rate was between 0.2~0.4 kg/s. With constant air mass-flow-rate and constant air temperature, the change of relative humidity had the most significant effect on SMER. While relative humidity increased from 25% to 75%, the SMER of closed system with heat pipe enhanced from 1.4~1.6 to 4.1~4.3, but the SMER without heat pipe from 1.1 to 3.0~3.1.

Abstract:Aiming at the problem that the current time span of stem soaking machine can not meet the demand of the time span of stem returning from different raw materials, the design of the existing stem soaking machine was improved. The drainage opening is set at the feed end and the middle part of the transition trough respectively, and then the drainage opening and closing is controlled through the flap door and the cylinder, so as to adjust the moisture return time of the tobacco stalk. Under the premise of other parameter setting being unchanged, the improved stalk dipper's time span of returning moisture has been increased from 45 s to 90 s, which greatly improves the time span of returning moisture of the stalk of the stalk dipper. The field test results show that the water content stability of the improved maceration machine is increased by 32%, and the improved equipment system runs stably and the control process is safe and reliable.

Abstract:In order to distinguish figs of different maturity accurately and quickly without damage, the samples of figs were collected by near-infrared spectroscopy, and K-means clustering was carried out for five indexes of fig sugar degree, single fruit weight, vertical diameter, horizontal diameter and hardness. According to the spectral data and the score chart of principal component analysis, the components of the optimal clustering effect and the index distribution of each category were determined. Based on the PLS-DA model, the cluster discrimination model was constructed to achieve the purpose of fruit maturity classification. Through the analysis of the differences of the above five indexes, significant differences in soluble solids, single fruit weight and hardness of the three kinds of fig samples at the maturity stage were found, and significant differences between the vertical and horizontal diameters of mature and growing fruits and young fruits were also detected. According to PLS-DA discriminant model, the classification accuracy of training set was 99.59%, and that of test set was 99.15%. The results showed that the PLS-DA model based on principal component analysis and spectral data had good performance, and it could be used to identify the maturity of figs quickly.

Abstract:The purpose of this study was to investigate the nutritional composition and volatile substances changes of yak yogurt under refrigeration storage. The nutritional composition and volatile substance were measured by amino acid analysis, fatty acid methyl ester method and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The results showed that yak yogurt had no significant difference on the contents of protein, fat, lactose and water content (P＞0.05) under refrigeration storage. The total amino acid and flavour amino acid of yak yogurt significant increased after 7 d refrigeration storage (P＜0.05), and the increased rate were 12.96% and 8.51%, respectively; the amino acids score of yak yogurt were 65.36 and 79.18, respectively. The content and kind of saturated fatty acid of yak yogurt had no significant difference after 7 d refrigeration storage (P＞0.05), but the relative content of unsaturated fatty acid of yak yogurt decreased after 7 d refrigeration storage. The kind of volatile substances of yak yoghurt were significantly increased after 7 d refrigeration storage, especially in esters. In summary, it was beneficial to the formation of nutritional composition and volatile substances of yak yogurt under suitable refrigeration storage.

Abstract:The inhibitory activity of eugenol was evaluated on Providence vermicola, which is a strain isolated from spoiled spicy crab product. The results showed that the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was 0.25 mg/mL. Compared with the control group, the cells of P. vermicola treated with MIC eugenol were severely deformed, and wrinkles appeared. The cell wall of P. vermicola treated with eugenol was destroyed, leading to the leakage of intracellular substances and higher extracellular soluble protein content. The enzyme activities of malic acid dehydrogenase (MDH) and succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) were reduced by 33.01% and 19.81%, respectively. The normal metabolic system of bacteria is dysfunctional, and thus inhibit the growth and reproduction of P. vermicola.

Abstract:In this paper, the total reducing power, O ·, ·OH and DPPH· scavenging capacity of the flavonoids from Artemisia argyi were studied by ultrasonic assisted extraction and macroporous resin purification. The changes of pH values, TBARS, TVB-N, redness value, hydrogen sulfide and other physical and chemical indexes of fresh grade breast and its effects on sensory quality were investigated .The results showed that the purified flavonoids from Artemisia argyi had a strong total reduction power and a good linear relationship, with the good scavenging ability for O ·, ·OH, and DPPH·, and the scavenging ability has a certain dose-effect relationship with the purified flavonoids from Artemisia argyi. The fresh-keeping effect of the purified flavonoids from Artemisia argyi was better than that of the control group. Comprehensive benefit was analyzed, and the best concentration of flavonoids from Artemisia argyi was 0.4 mg/mL, which could effectively prolong the storage period of fresh grade breast.

Abstract:The purpose of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of Chrysanthemum buds aqueous extract (CBAE) on Escherichia coli, and discuss its application in meat products. The antimicrobial activity of CBAE against E. coli was evaluated by the determination of diameter of the inhibition zone (DIZ), minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). The possible action mechanism was revealed by the effect of CBAE on the growth curve, and the changes in intracellular ATP concentration, cell membrane potential, and cell morphology. Finally, the CBAE was used in the preservation of cooked pork. The results showed that the DIZ, MIC, and MBC values of CBAE against E. coli were (12.4±0.32) mm to (13.8±0.41) mm, 10~20 mg/mL, and 20~40 mg/mL, respectively. The CBAE could prolong the retardation period of E. coli, shorten the logarithmic period, reduce the intracellular ATP concentration, cause the depolarization of cell membrane, destroy cell morphology, and lead to cell fluid leakage. In addition, the CBAE could reduce the amount of E. coli during cooked pork storage (P＜0.05), and when the concentration was 1 MIC, the effect of CBAE on the color of cooked pork was not significant (P＞0.05).

Abstract:Oyster oligopeptides were prepared by enzymolysis from shelled oyster meat. The molecular weight distribution, DPPH radical scavenging capacity, hydroxyl free radical (·OH) scavenging capacity, ABTS free radical scavenging capacity and oxygen radical absorption capacity (ORAC) of oyster oligopeptides were compared before and after digestion in vitro. The changes of antioxidant activity of the oligopeptides after digestion in simulated stomach and intestine were explored. The experimental results showed that the relative molecular weight of oyster oligopeptides was mainly under 1 000 Da, and the average molecular weight of pepsin and trypsin decreased by no more than 8.2%; after pepsin and trypsin digestion, the DPPH free radical scavenging rate decreased by no more than 7.9% and 8.7%, respectively; after pepsin and trypsin digestion, the ·OH scavenging rate decreased by no more than 9.3% and 3.8%, respectively; after pepsin digestion, and the ABTS free radical scavenging rate decreased by 9.2% and after trypsin digestion, the ABTS free radical scavenging rate increased by 3.6%; after pepsin and trypsin digestion, ORAC increased by 11.5% and 1.3%, respectively. Gastrointestinal digestion had no significant effect on the antioxidant activities of oyster oligopeptide (P＞0.05). The results showed that oyster oligopeptides had good comprehensive antioxidant activity and stability.

Abstract:Objective: To study the hypoglycemic effect of dandelion extract on type 2 diabetes (T2DM) rats. Methods: High-fat and high-sugar feed and streptozotocin (STZ) were used to establish type 2 diabetic rat model. The blank normal group, model group, dandelion high-dose group (400 mg/kg) and dandelion low-dose group (200 mg/kg) were set up in the experiment, positive group (150 mg/kg). Fasting blood glucose (FBG), glucose tolerance level (OGTT), insulin resistance (FINS) and insulin sensitivity (HOMA-IR) were measured in T2DM rats, and TC, TG, ALT, AST, SOD, GSH, CAT, MDA related indicators were measured. Results: Compared with the model group, the FBG, FINS and HOMA-IR of T2DM rats treated with dandelion extract were significantly reduced (P＜0.05), and the levels of TC, TG, ALT and AST were also significantly reduced (P＜0.01), SOD, GSH, CAT increased significantly (P＜0.01), MDA significantly decreased (P＜0.01). Conclusion: Dandelion extract can improve insulin resistance, increase the antioxidant leveland improve lipid metabolism in T2DM rats, thereby exerting a hypoglycemic efficacy.

Abstract:The effect of ⁶⁰Co-γ ray irradiation on hypoglycemic activity of polysaccharides from Inonotus obliquus was explored. The polysaccharides of Inonotus obliquus under the irradiation doses of 5, 10, 20 and 30 kGy were extracted and their contents were determined. The experiment was performed on a mouse model of type I diabetes induced by streptozotocin (STZ) according to the grouping dose. The body weight, food intake and water intake of the mice were measured every day during the experiment, blood glucose levels were measured every 7 days, and glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was performed 30 days later. Blood samples were dissected and analyzed for glycated hemoglobin (GHb), total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG) levels and organ coefficients. The results showed that when the irradiation dose was 20 kGy, the polysaccharide content was the highest; The irradiated polysaccharides of Inonotus obliquus at the same dosage can be more effective than the unirradiated polysaccharides in relieving the symptoms of liver and kidney enlargement in diabetic mice (P＜0.05) without burdening the heart and spleen function of the mice; At the same time, it has a faster effect on reducing blood sugar (P＜0.05). Therefore, the polysaccharides of Inonotus obliquus after irradiation treatment has a good hypoglycemic effect, which provides a reference for the in-depth exploration of irradiation treatment the polysaccharides of Inonotus obliquus to lower blood glucose.

Abstract:In this study, the ideal adsorbent for Dendrobium hu-oshanense polyphenols were obtained, after the comparison test for the adsorption-desorption properties of different types of resins. The purification parameters were optimized by adsorption and desorption tests. The antioxidant activities of polyphenols were evaluated in vitro. The results showed that AB-8 macroporous resin was considered as suitable material for purifying and separating Dendrobium huoshanense polyphenols.And the macroporous resin reached equilibrium within 150 min. The optimal processing parameters were as follows: an initial polyphenol concentration of 2.0 mg/mL, pH 4.0, a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min for feeding and a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min for eluting. The total polyphenols purity reached 76.2%. Four groups of polyphenol components were obtained by dynamic elution with different ethanol concentrations, which were named DHP-1, DHP-2, DHP-3 and DHP-4, respectively. The contents of them were 16.3%, 14.8%, 20.9% and 26.2%, respectively. The total antioxidant capacity of them indicated that DHP-3＞DHP-4＞DHP-1＞DHP-2＞crude polyphenols.

Abstract:In this paper, 3 kinds of methods such as ultrasonic assisted alkali solution extraction, salt solution extraction and water extraction, were used to extract the green leaf ramie protein, and the protein was also analyzed on the protein concentration, nitrogen solubility index, foaming property, foaming stability, emulsifying property and emulsifying stability. Results: The protein extracted with ultrasonic assisted salt solution exhibited the highest protein concentration (10.73 mg/mL) and nitrogen dissolution index (61.95%). Additionally, the foaming property (26.34%) and foam stability (24.49%) of the protein extracted by this method were significantly better than the other two extraction methods. The protein extracted with ultrasonic assisted water had the best emulsification (11.17 m²/g), while the protein extracted with ultrasonic assisted alkali solution had the best emulsification stability (231.92).

Abstract:Using Box-Behnken central combination test design and single factor test were used to optimize the fermentation process of cordyceps polysaccharide, water extraction and alcohol precipitation process and deproteinization process. The results showed that the optimum fermentation conditions of Cordyceps tenuipes were glucose 33.3 g/L, peptone 29.2 g/L, inoculation amount 3.9%. The optimum extraction conditions of Exopolysaccharides were concentration, 3 times ethanol, pH 6.0 and precipitation for 24 h. The optimum extraction conditions were 1∶40 (g/mL), extraction time 90 min, extraction times 2 times, and extraction temperature 80 ℃. In the purification of polysaccharides, the optimum deproteinization techniques of Sevage were as follows: the volume ratio of chloroform to n-butanol was 4∶1, the volume ratio of Sevage reagent to fermentation broth was 1∶2, the shaking time was 15 min, and the deproteinization times was 3 times. After optimization, the yield of extracellular polysaccharide increased by 37.89%, that of intracellular polysaccharide increased by 24.59%, and the protein removal rate was more than 75% after purification.

Abstract:To explore the effects of the roasting process on the quality of green tea used as raw materials in the industrial production of green tea beverages and to optimize the roasting process, steamed green tea was roasted using a roaster and an oven, respectively. Effects of roasting temperature, roasting time, and the dosage of additional water on the sensory quality, contents of major chemical components, and the composition of volatile components of green tea were analyzed. The roasting process of green tea using roaster and oven was optimized using the orthogonal experiment. The results showed that the odor of grass was removed from green tea and its aroma was significantly enhanced after roasting. Additionally, the astringency of green tea infusion was decreased and its taste was remarkably improved. However, the contents of tea polyphenols, free amino acids, and soluble carbohydrates showed a decreasing trend during roasting. Moreover, green tea roasted by a roaster showed a stronger aroma as well as higher contents of major chemical components and volatile compounds that contributed to the roasting aroma than those roasted by an oven, but the latter showed better infusion color and taste. The optimal quality of green tea was achieved after being roasted at 140 ℃ for 10 min via a roaster with 18% of additional water or roasted at 140 ℃ for 5 h using an oven with 15% of additional water.

Abstract:The release of various substances before and after in vitro di-gestion of ultrafine green tea powder was measured.The results showed that the release of free amino acids, total phenols, total flavones and most catechins declined during the in vitro digestion of ultrafine green tea powder; caffeine remained un-changed; The release of soluble protein, gallic acid, catechin gallate, gal-locatechin, gallocatechin gallate, and isoquercetin increased. The non-extractable polyphenols were released. Brewing and drinking ultrafine green tea powder are beneficial to improve the comprehensive utilization of tea by the human body.

Abstract:Taking the porcine haemoglobin as raw material, the basic nutritional indicators and the amino acid composition were detected. Using the hydrolysis degree as the index, the effects of reaction pH, hydrolysis temperature and reaction time were examined. On the basis of single factor experiment, Box-Behnken central composite design was utilized to optimize the hydrolysis process and preparation of metal chelating peptides. Results showed that the porcine haemoglobin has excellent nutritional characteristics and is rich in various amino acids. Moreover,the optimized processing were as followed: pH of 10.69, hydrolysis temperature of 48.50 ℃, hydrolysis time of 6.76 h, substrate concentration of 8% and enzyme addition of 1∶250 by alcalase, and the degree of hydrolysis was 37.83%. ICP-AES was applied for making sure metal chelating activity, while their contents of peptide-metal chelates of iron, copper and zinc were, 343.80 μg/mL, 11.34 μg/mL and 4.53 μg/mL, respectively.

Abstract:In order to establish rapid evaluation method of tobacco, cut stem and reconstituted tobacco, multiply ratios of sugars to alkali by potassium was selected as blending homogeneity evaluation index sign. Based on tobacco (500), cut stem (500), reconstituted tobacco (250) and the formula of tobacco production line (30) of the near-infrared spectral information and blending evenness index data, the pattern recognition model and the marker correction model of evenness index data of tobacco, cut stem and reconstituted tobacco were built. The results showed as follows. ① The overall information of near-infrared spectra of the three tobacco samples were differences. ② The average blending-uniformity indexes of tobacco, cut stem and reconstituted tobacco were 20.64%, 273.81% and 30.40% respectively. The blending-uniformity indexes of stem samples were greater than that of tobacco samples and stem samples in both value and fluctuation range. ③ When take the blending-uniformity index equal to 50 as the classification threshold, the PCA-MD of the three tobacco samples presented a good classification effect. ④ the results of internal parameters and external validation based on the model showed that, when the blending uniformity index equal to 50 was used as the classification threshold, the near-infrared correction model of the three kinds of tobacco blending-uniformity index before and after the study of blending presents better stability and accuracy.

Abstract:An instant powder was prepared by using Lilium brow-nii as main raw materials, and huaishan, lotus seeds, barley and red dates as auxiliary materials. Based on the single factor test, the ratio of raw and auxiliary materials, fan frequency, inlet air temperature and peristaltic pump speed were used as influencing factors, product yield and dissolution rate were indicators, and a response surface method was used to optimize the boiling granulation process of Lilium brownii powder. The results showed that the optimal granulation process of response surface were: ratio of raw and auxiliary of 6∶1, the peristaltic pump speed of 5 r/min, the inlet air temperature of 70 ℃, and the fan frequency of 25 Hz. Under this technological condition, the product dissolution rate was (73.61±1.84)%,and the yield of Lilium brownii powder was (79.65±1.21)%, which were 36.96% and 28.38% higher than before granulation, respectively. The analysis of variance showed that there was a high degree of agreement between the predicted value of the model and the verification test result, indicating that the model was reliable.

Abstract:The fermentation characteristics of Lactic acid bacteria strains like Leuconostoc mesenteroides, Lactobacillus plantarum and Pediococcus pentosaceus were researched respectively. According to the growth situation, acid-producing ability, salt resistance, temperature tolerance and adaptability to different pH value of strains, the Leuconostoc mesenteroides, Lactobacillus plantarum and Pediococcus pentosaceus were all could be used as mustard’s fermentation strains. In the mixed strains proportioning optimization experiment, the ferment effect of Leuconostoc mesenteroides∶Lactobacillus plantarum∶Pediococcus pentosaceus = 2∶3∶2 which was the best, the total acid content of the fermented product was 1.07%, the amino acid nitrogen content was 0.16%, the volatile ester content was 2.48 g/kg, the sensory score was 91.0, the quality was high, and it was the best starter for the inoculation and fermentation of dry mustard.

Abstract:This review summarizes recent studies on the composition and efficacy of phytochemicals contained in cranberry and describes their antimicrobial effects on uropathogenic Escherichia coli, Helicobacter pylori, oral bacteria, and most food-borne pathogens and the mechanism.

Abstract:In this review, the types, structural properties, preparation methods and research progress of liposomes in food industry are summarized, and some problems are analyzed and discussed. Moreover, the development trend of nano-liposomes in the future is prospected.

Abstract:In this paper, the preparation methods of chelating polypeptides from different sources with the metallic elements, such as calcium, iron, zinc and selenium, as well as the research progress on their antioxidant, antibacterial and immune-enhancing properties were reviewed, and the deficiencies of the existing researches were also analyzed.

Abstract:The types of polysaccharides that have been used in the research on moisturizing and flavoring of cigarettes are summarized. The types of pyrolysis products, pyrolysis mechanism, and the law of influence on cigarette moisturizing, flavor enhancement, and mainstream smoke are described in detail from the two aspects of cigarettes' own polysaccharides and externally added polysaccharides. The direction for future development is proposed.

Abstract:In this review, the research progresses of Saccharomy-ces cerevisiae in functional genomics, comparative genomics, and synthetic genomics are summarized, and the direction of its in-depth research and the prospect of relative application and development are also proposed.