Abstract:Purpose: it was planned to establish an arginine-reducing sugar system and investigate the factors affecting the formation of 1,2-dicarbonyl compounds in the system, then explore the dynamics of reactants, products. With genistein as an inhibitor, 1,2-dicarbonyl compounds were inhibited in the reaction process. Methods: In arginine-reducing sugar system, using gas chromatography to evaluate temperature, the type of reducing sugar, pH and genistein effects on the 1,2-dicarbonyl compounds formation, the change regularity was analyzed. The analysis of genistein before and after decreased the arginine, glucose, and product 1,2-dicarbonyl compounds content, and the kinetics in this process was studied. Results: Time was the most important factors affecting the formation of 1,2-dicarbonyl compounds, and the dynamics data showed that arginine and glucose concentration was decreased with the extension of reaction time. 1,2-dicarbonyl compounds content increased with the temperature rising and reaction time extending in the system. Conclusion: Time and temperature had a certain impact on the1,2-dicarbonyl compound and genistein, by lowering the reaction rate of 1,2-dicarbonyl compounds. When genistein amount reached 50 mmol/L, the highest inhibition rate, more than 50%, was detected in the 1,2-dicarbonyl compound. The LC-MS analyses confirmed that the mechanism of the inhibition of 1,2-dicarbonyl compounds in the amino acid system of the genistein was achieved by capturing MGO to form the genistein-MGO adduct, thereby achieving the elimination effect.

Abstract:This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of sucrose ester and monoglyceride emulsifier on the characteristics of sponge cake batter during foaming and defoaming time. Along with that, impact of various foaming and defoaming time combinations on the batter's specific volume, viscosity, micro structure attributes and baking quality were analyzed. The results unraveled that sucrose ester emulsifier alleviated the surface blisters in sponge cake and it also showed good impact on baking characteristics. This study also revealed that the sponge cake surface bubbles were also alleviated by choosing an appropriate whipping time combination (foaming time 3.50 min, defoaming time 6.33 min).

Abstract:The effects of oryzanol levels (0%, 1% and 2%) and storage temperature (4, 25 and 37 ℃) on the physicochemical stability of the nanoemulsions were investigated. The results showed that oryzanol level had no significant effect on the physical stability of the nanoemulsions stored at different temperatures. There was no correlation between the oryzanol level and the chemical stability of the nanoemulsions stored at 4 and 25 ℃. The peroxide and anisidine values of the nanoemulsion that stored at 37 ℃ were negatively correlated with the oryzanol levels. According to kinetics analysis, the first-order kinetic model could better reflect the change trend of lipid oxidation in the nanoemulsions.

Abstract:Four substances (theanine, gamma-aminobutyric acid, beta-carotene and grape seed extract) were added into the chocolate and the improvement effect of these substances on asthenopia of 102 test persons were studied by questionnaire, vision test, attention test, memory test and brain wave test for 30 days. The questionnaire results showed that the total and single score (ocular discomfort score and general malaise score) of sample group were lower than the score before eating the sample chocolate, which is indicated that the asthenopia was improved by eating the sample chocolate, for example, the score of blurred vision was decreased by 0.21 and the score of subjective memory loss was decreased by 0.46 after eating the sample chocolate for 7 days. Attention test and memory test results showed that the attention and memory of sample group were improved significantly with cumulative effects and short-term effects, respectively. And the Sult square time and brain age were decreased by 5.09 s and 2.49, respectively. In the brain wave test, the alpha wave power value, the percentage of the alpha wave power value spectrum and the percentage ratio of the α/β wave power value spectrum which reflect the relaxation degree of the brain in the Lead P4 and Lead O2 of the sample group were increased, and the Lead P4 increased 7.69, 0.04 and 0.50, the Lead O2 increased by 9.90, 0.04 and 0.73, respectively. Therefore, a chocolate product containing theanine, gamma-aminobutyric acid, beta-carotene and grape seed extract plays a mitigation role on asthenopia.

Abstract:Taking yellowish yinghong NO.9 as the raw material , the effects of two methods, sun withering and air-blast withering, were analyzed on biochemical compositions and color value on black tea quality. The results showed that the biochemicals of water extracts, tea polyphenols, flavonoids, catechins, free amino acids and tea pigments could be easily influenced by air-blast withering, compared with sun withering. Theaflavins and theabrownines were higher for fan withering methods than that for sun withering in the samples. Tea polyphenols, flavonoids and catechins significantly decreased as well as theaflavins and thearubigins, caffeine significantly increased as long as withering time in the samples processed by two kinds of withering methods. The brightness (ΔL^*) and total color difference (ΔE^*_ab) increased, while the redness (Δa^*) and yellowish (Δb^*) decreased. The correlation analysis showed that water content of withering leaves and flavonoids significantly had positive correlation with Δa^* and Δb^*. Theaflavins and thearubigins showed a significant positive effect on Δb^*. Theaflavins had a significant positive effect on Δa^*.

Abstract:The volatile compounds in four parts of the citrus flowers (petals, torus, pistils, stamens) were analyzed by headspace-solidphase microextraction (HS-SPME) combined with GC-MS, the main aroma substances and aroma differences parts of citrus flowers were evaluated by principal component analysis (PCA). Studies showed that hydrocarbons and alcohols were the main aromas of citrus flowers. Linalool, terpene, nerolidol, β-myrcene and α-ocimene were mainly in petals, torus and pistils, while linalool, terpene, nerolidol and β-myrcene were the main components of stamens. The principal component analysis showed large differences of aroma compounds in the four parts of citrus blossoms. The hydrocarbons such as terpene, limonen, α-thujene, β-myrcene and cis-β-farnesene were the main substances that caused the differences between aromatic components of torus and stamens. The Hydrocarbons and alcohols such as citronellal, trans-citral, 4-terpinenol and α-terpineol were the main substances that caused the differences between aromatic components of petals and pistils.

Abstract:Studied the qualitative and quantitative analysis of amino acids in barley leaf powder. The results showed that there were 26 kinds of amino acids (17 kinds of hydrolyzed amino acids and 26 kinds of free amino acids) were detected in barley leaf powder. The total content of hydrolytic amino acids was 9 163.422 mg/100 g including more than 40% essential amino acids in human body. There were 9 kinds of therapeutic amino acids (Glu content was the highest, up to 1 390.873 mg/100 g) were contained in barley leaf powder. The total content of free amino acids (26 types) in barley leaf powder was 983.852 mg/100 g. The 6 kinds of free amino acids, such as Asp, Glu, Arg, Pro, His, and Val, were the main amino acids that form the flavor of barley leaf powder.

Abstract:The aim of this study was to screen high-yield strains of esterase from Daqu in order to increase the content of esters in Daqu. Medium-temperature Daqu was used as material to screen high-yield esterase producing strains and identify the types of strain. Then we studied on enzyme production conditions of the strains with the target value of esterifying power. The result showed that high-yield esterase producing strain-LD06 was isolated from medium-temperature Daqu, and the morphological and molecular identification results confirmed that the strain was Absidia. Esterifying power was used as reference index to confirm the culture media, which was summed up as follows: 10 g wheat bran as culture substrate, corn flour as the optimum carbon source with the contents of 1.5 g, yeast as the optimum nitrogen source with the contents of 2.0 g, flaxseed oil as inducer with the contents of 1 g/100 g; other composition and addition in the medium with 0.2 g (NH₄)₂SO₄ and 10 mL H₂O. With the increase of fermentation time and temperature, esterifying power showed significant increase firstly and then decreased. Culture conditions which concluded temperature and time was confirmed at 36 ℃ and 45 h, respectively. Under these fermentation medium and conditions the highest esterifying power was 9.32 g/L, which was increased by 22.55% than the control.

Abstract:The release of CO during the cigarette smoldering and puffing periods was firstly studied by combining a dedicated modern experimental approach for quantifying gas-phase temperature with the tobacco pyrolysis and combustion reactions system, which guarantees more accurate reaction conditions were used to mimic the thermal environment inside a burning cigarette. Basing on the two cigarette paper burn lines (PBL) at smoldering and puffing, the cigarette burning zone were divided into three regions. The first region was in front of the PBL at 0 s (R1), the second region was between the two PBL (R2) and the third region was behind of the PBL at 2 s (R3). The experimental results show that: ① R1 and R2 exposed to high temperatures at smoldering and produced much CO for side stream smoke, therefore less CO was generated for mainstream smoke in R1 and R2; ② during the puffing period, R3 had the lowest temperature distribution, but contributed most to the release of CO in mainstream smoke; ③ because of the influence of the heat conduction, the temperature of R3 would rise at puffing with the increment of the temperatures inside the cigarette at smoldering, resulting to the increase of CO in mainstream smoke.

Abstract:LC-Q-TOF/MS was used to detect five illegal additives (rotundine, sinomenine, venlafaxine, melatonin, zaleplon) in sedative health food. The five illegal additives were extracted by ultrasound with a mixture of methanol and ammonium acetate 20 mmol/L. A gradient system of a mixture of 0.1% formic acid with multi-reaction monitoring (MRM) was employed for quantitative determination at the ion source for ESI source, and the positive ion detection conditions were employed. The time-of-flight mass spectrometer was chosen, and the detecting parameters were set up and optimized. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of 5 kinds of illegal additives were carried out. The results showed that the five illegal additives were in good linear relationship within the range of 10～1 000 μg/L and the correlation coefficient was greater than 0.99. The average recovery of the blank sample was between 92.8%～110.1%, and the precision was 0.9%～1.8%. Six kinds of commercially sold Sedative health food samples (A,B,C,D,E,F) were extracted by methanol and analyzed by LC-Q-TOF/MS. The results showed that a kind of capsule sample D contained sinomenine which content was 1.656 mg/kg. Therefore, the method had the advantages of strong selectivity, high sensitivity, quick detection.

Abstract:In order to establish a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method for simultaneous detection of five tetracycline resistance genes including tetA, tetD, tetG, tetS and tetX in poultry bacteria, the concentrations of primers and Taq DNA polymerase, as well as the annealing temperature used in the multiplex PCR system were optimized, then the sensitivity and specificity were examined, and finally, the method was applied for detecting of tetracycline-resistant bacteria isolated from poultry to verify its applicability. The results showed that, the optimized system for the multiplex PCR reaction was: 5 μL of mixed DNA template, 1 μL of Taq enzyme, 0.5 μL of forward and reverse primers for tetA and tetX, and 1.0 μL for tetG, tetD and tetS. 4 μL dNTP mixtures, 4 μL MgCl₂, 5 μL 10×PCR buffer, and finally filled to 50 μL with double distilled water. The reaction procedures inculding: predenaturation at 95 ℃ for 5 min, denaturation at 95 ℃ for 30 s, annealing at 55 ℃ for 30 s, extension at 72 ℃ for 1 min, 35 cycles, finally extension 72 ℃ for 10 min. The sensitivity of the method was 10² CFU/mL, moreover, a broad spectrum of poultry bacteria could be detected for the five tetracycline resistance genes by the method. Compared with the traditional single PCR method, the multiplex PCR technique is rapid, efficient and widely applicable.

Abstract:One of the key problems in food safety management is the low illegal cost. The punitive compensation system is an important system, which raise the illegal cost in the regulation of food safety and has the great significance. Compared with developed countries, the punitive damages in food safety law system in China is still in its infancy, and in the aspect of legislation, the free of cost food is not invovled in the scope, and the compensation will be giving away free food subjective not contain elements of negligence, such problems as unreasonable compensation calculation. To give full play to the system of punitive damages in China, the role of food safety management, must take the corresponding modification to Food Safety Law in China , and the free food should be brought into the scope of punitive damages, adding sellers “gross negligence” as elements of subjective in punitive damages, perfecting the calculation standard of punitive damages.

Abstract:Food recall system is to strengthen supervision, to ensure food safety important line of defense.By means of literature analysis and comparative analysis, summarizes the problems and shortcomings of the Chinese food recall legal system based on the comparison between China and foreign countries and analyzes the useful experience of the American, Canadian and Japanese food recall legal systems. To provide corresponding guidance and suggestions for the improvement of the Chinese food recall system.

Abstract:Due to the global trend of food trade, food safety has become the focus of global attention, and the establishment of the credibility of China's food industry, international co-governance has become the consensus of China's food safety assurance. However, in order to promote the international Co-governance of food safety in China smoothly, it is still facing a series of challenges, such as the absence of corresponding international co-governance mechanism, the inconsistency of international food safety standards and the need to improve the cooperation between government and enterprises. Therefore, it is necessary to Learning from the mature and advancing Model of the "three Trials in one" Mechanism of Environmental Justice in China, through the establish an international food safety co-governance organization, actively promote the unification of international food safety standards and ensure the safety of import and export food through close cooperation between government and enterprises, so as to promote the smooth realization of international food safety co-governance in China, to promote the modernization of the national governance system and governance capacity.

Abstract:In order to explore the distribution law of flow path in isothermal twin screw extruder under isothermal and non isothermal state,using Solidworks 3D modeling software to establish the physical model of meshing counter rotating twin screw extrude, the corresponding numerical simulation is carried out in the Polyflow analysis software.Numerical results show that: in the isothermal problem, the pressure, viscosity and shear rate of the exit direction vary with the increase of the speed of the twin screw; in the non isothermal problem, with the increase of the rotating speed of the twin-screw, the direction of the extrusion direction increases from the inlet to the outlet, and the temperature increases gradually along the radial direction. It can provide theoretical basis for further optimization of process parameters.

Abstract:For rotary disk atomizer in this paper, the particle characteristics has been investigated with Rosin/Paraffin mixture as the working fluid. The effects of different technological parameters on the ligament number, diameter of ligament, capillary wavelength and particle diameter were analyzed, and the dimensionless prediction model was obtained. The result showed that the ligament number is mainly determined by the Web and the St number, and it is only controlled by the surface tension for low viscous fluids. Due to ligament stretching caused by centrifugal effect, the pinch-off capillary wavelength is about 3.56 times of the ligament diameters, however the actual dominant mode is the short-wave mode. For the fully-ligament mode, the ligament number will remain unchanged with the increasing of pouring flow, while the diameter and length will grow. The diameter of particles is mainly determined by the ligament number and capillary wavelength. The higher the rotational speed is, the larger the tangential slip ratio is, the diameter of particles will not obviously reduce consequently. It is suggested to control the diameter of particles by a disk with a large diameter or improvement of the topological structure of the disk rather than by the method of always increasing the rotational speed.

Abstract:In order to solve the problem of high cost and difficult welding of metal materials, as well as avoid the ozone depletion and global warming by Freon refrigerant, a cold storage device made of PERT plastic was produced, with a low cost and an easy assembly. In this study, a polyethylene of high temperature tolerant tube instead of the copper one was used, complied with hydrocarbon refrigerant HCR22 as heat pipe circulating working fluid. The results showed that the best filling ratio of PE-RT plastic heat pipe group was 33%, which was the same as copper heat pipe group, with the same diameter, the structure size, and in best filling time, the optimal heat transfer area ratio of PE-RT plastic heat pipe group was also 2.8∶1. When the heat pipe module ran for 70 h, the water temperature was reduced by 13.52 and 15.30 ℃ respectively by using the PE-RT plastic heat pipe group and copper heat pipe group, and the cold storage capacity of PE-RT plastic heat pipe group for copper heat pipe group was 88.37%. This study supported the application of the PE-RT plastic heat pipe and provided the potential prospect of the real green environmental protection on refrigeration.

Abstract:Presents a kind of bionic end-effector which can imitate the human hand to pluck tea flushes. The mechanical structure of the bionic plucking finger is designed. Dynamic and static analysis are carried out to improve the dexterity and compactness. Genetic algorithm is employed to optimize the geometric parameters. The transmission efficiency of driving force is increased by 26.6%. Then, the prototype of the bionic plucking fingers is made, and the design of pneumatic drive and control system is completed. The indoor tests show that the success rate of plucking is about 70%, which can realize the expected action.

Abstract:Aiming at the problems of low thermal efficiency, unstable temperature and difficult guarantee of tea quality of tea dryer, the coal-fired hot air-drying furnace was studied in order to find an effective constant temperature control method. An improved particle swarm optimization (IPSO) algorithm was proposed by chaotic processing of particle swarm optimization (PSO). Then the parameters of fuzzy PID controller were optimized by IPSO to overcome the shortcomings of PSO, including premature, low optimization efficiency and real-time on-line adjustment of PID parameters. According to the real-time temperature of the hot blast stove, the amount of smoke discharged from the hot blast stove could be adjusted automatically to realize the constant temperature of the dryer. Moreover, the optimized fuzzy PID control strategy was used to simulate and test the system. The results showed that the method used in this study could effectively control the amount of smoke exhausted from the hot-blast stove according to the temperature of the dryer, so as to control the temperature of the hot-blast in real time and achieve the goal of constant temperature control. This method solved the traditional issues in controlling the temperature and reducing the energy consumption, and improved the thermal efficiency of the dryer and resulted in the guarantee of the good tea quality.

Abstract:In order to study the migration of metal elements Al and Mg into acidic foods in coated paper cups and the effectiveness of mathematical simulation software to simulate migration, eight kinds of coated paper cup samples were digested by wet digestion, and then inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-OES)was used to detect the initial contents of aluminum (Al) and magnesium (Mg) in eight kinds of coated paper cups and their migration into acidic food simulants (3% acetic acid solution). The initial contents of Al and Mg in 8 paper cups were 841.6～3 482.0 and 179.1～19 720.1 mg/kg, respectively. Under the migration condi-tions of 40 ℃/ 12 h, the migration of metal elements Al and Mg into 3% acetic acid solution in the 8 samples was 0.077～0.212 and 0.065～0.862 mg/kg, and at 70 ℃/8 h, the migration of metal elements Al and Mg into 3% acetic acid solution was 0.074～0.180 and 0.064～2.209 mg/kg, respectively. The thickness of the LDPE layer, the migration temperature and time, and the thickness and density of the paper can also affect the migration of the two metal elements. Using the migration simulation software AKTS-SML, simulation of Al and Mg migration were carried out. Piringer model was used to calculate the diffusion coefficients. The partition coefficient between paper and low density polyethylene (LDPE) was set to 1 000, The partition coefficient between LDPE and food simulants (3% acetic acid) was set to 1, the migration of metal elements Al and Mg simulated at 40 ℃/12 h were 0.760～3.075 and 0.162～17.750 mg/kg respectively; the migration simulation results at 70 ℃/8 h were 0.757～3.059 and 0.161～17.660 mg/kg, the migration results simulated by the software are higher than those obtained by the experiment, migration simulation software can simulate the migration of metal elements Al and Mg to some extent.

Abstract:Aiming at the problems of labor intensity, low automation level, and low efficiency in manual inspection of production date defects, the machine vision-based dairy production date coding defect detection system was developed. The system uses a CCD camera, computer, light source, etc. to build a hardware platform, and image processing techniques, such as median filtering, binarization, image segmentation, and template matching were used to achieve the goal of defective detection, including production date missing and fuzzy codes. The experimental results showed that the system could accurately identify products with defective production date, and achieve the expected results, showing practical significance.

Abstract:This study focuses on improvement mechanical properties of the zein films by glycosylation modifications under dry-heating conditions for capsule shells. The characterization of zein-inulin were analyzed by SDS-PAGE. DSC, FT-IR and SEM. The result indicates that the tensile strength of zein-inulin were 2.46 times of non-modifified zein. The formation of conjugates was verified by SDS-PAGE, infrared spectrum, and showed that the zein could joint the inulin by glycosylation with the covalent bound. The thermal denaturation temperature of zein was increased by DSC. It indicates that the thermal stability increases. Zein and zein-inulin films were scaned by SEM. The surface of zein-inulin films' microporous structure disappeared, and the smooth of zein-inulin film was better than of that zein. The capsule shells can be produced from zein and zein-inulin. The inspection items for the capsule shells met the requirements of the Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China 2015 Edition.

Abstract:Nowadays, the beverage packaging design is becoming more and more fashionable from the styling style and color material. The dimension of fashion, such as instantaneous, spatial and regular are also fully embodied in the design of beverage packaging. The fashionable beverage packaging design can produce a kind of visual aesthetic experience and popular psychological effect to consumers, and it has the preemptive marketing effect. In the future design of beverage packaging, should pay attention to the investigation and prediction of popular trends, analysis the consumers psychology and rational use the innovative materials. It is necessary to start from the concept of fashion, with the integration of fashion elements, fashion creative design and fashion atmosphere to strengthen consumers' desire for purchase and demand for fashion aesthetic, so as to enhancing the added value and sales volume of beverage products.

Abstract:In view of the present design status of the food packaging market, which is very similar and lack of innovation bright spots, discusses the relationship between the color application, pattern creation, modeling structure and material composition, and expounds the skills and functions of the application of interesting forms in the design of food packaging. A case study of food packaging is presented to illustrate the point of view and put forward new ideas for future development and innovation of food packaging.

Abstract:To investigate the effects of silver carp hydrolysate on the quality and in vitro protein digestibility of surimi products. Different amounts (0%, 2%, 4%, 6%) of silver carp hydrolysate were added to surimi products. The qualities (including cooking loss, water retention, whiteness, gel strength, hardness, elasticity and sensory evaluation) and in vitro protein digestibility of the products after freeze-thaw treatments were investigated, and the surimi products added with traditional cryoprotectant (4% sucrose+4% sorbitol) as the comparison. The addition of 2% hydrolysate can increase water holding and decrease cooking loss, and effectively reduce the decrease of gel strength, hardness, elasticity and in vitro protein digestibility of the surimi products. The whiteness of the product was not affected by the addition of low amount of hydrolysate. Sensory evaluation showed that compared to the traditional cryoprotectant, the addition of hydrolysate can avoid the sweetness of the products. The study showed that silver carp hydrolysate can be used as potential cryoprotectant in surimi and surimi products.

Abstract:The gills and guts of live Ovalipes punctatus were screened for histamine-forming bacteria (HFB) by HBI medium and TLC methods. Furthermore, the histamine-forming ability was evaluated by HPLC method, and the bacteria was identified by 16 S rDNA morphology sequence analysis. The effects of temperature, initial pH value and NaCl contents on the growth characteristics and histamine production as well as the inhibitory effects of chitooligosaccharide (COS) on the histamine-forming bacteria. One strain HFB was isolated, identified and named as Enterobacter aerogenes OP-G2 based on morphology and 16S rDNA sequence analysis. This strain could produce (46.96±1.94) mg/L histamine in TSBH medium after incubation at 30 ℃ for 48 h. The growth and histamine formation of E. aerogenes OP2-56 in TSBH medium could be effectively controlled both by low-temperature (≤ 4 ℃) and high NaCl content (≥ 10%), and the inhibitory rate for the strain could be up to more than 92%. Meanwhile, the growth of the strain could be effectively inhibited (all above 30.58%) by COS concentration higher than 0.5 g/100 mL, and the antibacterial rate of 1.0 g/100 mL COS at pH 6.0 against E. aerogenes OP2-56 could be up to 47.57%.

Abstract:The eggshell-crack can be detected by the acoustic features of impact response signal in a non-destructive way. To collect and analyze the acoustic signals in real time, an eggshell crack detection system based on TMS320F28335 was designed. The acquisition of the responded audio signal was triggered by the external interrupt of DSP. By comparison of frequency spectrums between intact and cracked eggs, there is a significant difference in the audio signal spectrum. The frequency of the second formant of the intact egg spectrum is concentrated at about 6 890 Hz, while the frequency of the second formant of the cracked egg has no obvious regularity. In conclusion, the system can meet the requirements of detection and provide a hardware platform for the further research of eggshell crack detection algorithms.

Abstract:In the process of drying chrysanthemum, the flow field distribution in the dryer was the main factor affecting its quality. In order to further study the distribution and variation of flow field in the drying process of chrysanthemum, a physical model of the drier was established for the negative pressure dryer. The distribution of velocity field, pressure field and temperature field in the drying process of chrysanthemum were obtained by mesh division, parameter determination and calculation. The numerical simulation of flow field distribution in the drying process of chrysanthemum was realized. In order to verify the accuracy of the simulation results, the simulation results of the temperature field and the measured results were compared and analyzed, and the relative error was found to be within 8%, which fully confirmed the reliability of the simulation results.

Abstract:In order to increase the extraction rate of pumpkin seed oil by enzyme-assisted aqueous extraction, using method of enzymatic combined chemical demulsification process by adding Bacillus licheniformis protease (pH 9~12) during emulsion from enzyme-assisted aqueous extraction of pumpkin seed oil. According to single factor experiment and response surface methodology, the best processes for enzymatic demulsification were: volume ratio of water to emulsion 0.9∶1 (mL/g), dosage of enzyme 3 078 U/g, hydrolysis temperature 51 ℃, hydrolysis time 2.5 h, and the demulsification rate of the verification experiment was 88.39%. The effect of adjusting the pH on emulsion stability and demulsification rate after enzymatic demulsification was analyzed. It was found that the demulsification rate increased to 95.47% when adjusted pH to 4.5 after enzymatic demulsification.

Abstract:Taking glycyrrhizic acid extraction rate was used as an index, the technological conditions of extraction of glycyrrhizic acid from Licorice wad optimized by two-stage method of combined enzymes and ultrasonic. When the mass of glycyrrhizic acid was 1 g, the optimum technological conditions for the enzymatic stage were as follows: the optimal ratio of combined enzymes (pectinase∶cellulose) was 1∶3 (U/U); the dosage of combined enzymes was 175 U/g·Substrate, reacted at pH 5.5 for 1 h at 50 ℃; and the particle size of raw material was 40 mesh with the ratio of material to liquid 1∶25 （g/mL）. The optimum technological conditions for the ultrasonic stage were as follows: the ultrasonic extraction solvent is 20% ethanol, and the ratio of material to liquid is 1∶35 （g/mL）, ultrasonic treating for 15 min at 40 ℃ with 350 W. Under these optimum conditions, the extraction rate of glycyrrhizic acid could reach（90.44±0.14）%.

Abstract:The quality indexes of hull-less pumpkin seed oil, which were extracted by supercritical CO₂ fluid extraction, were detected according to the national standard. The fatty acid and phytosterol composition were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrome-try (GC-MS). Subsequently, the squalene content of hull-less pumpkin seed oil was measured by high performance liquid chromatogra-phy (HPLC). Compared with grape seed oil and flaxseed oil, the scavenging activities for DPPH· and ABTS free radical of hull-less pumpkin seed oil were estimated. The results indicated that the hull-less pumpkin seed oil extracted by supercritical CO₂ fluid extraction was according with the food industry standard LS/T 3250—2017 《pumpkin seed oil》. The hull-less pumpkin seed oil mainly contained 4 kinds of unsaturated fatty acid with a total content of 74.73%, including the cis-monounsaturated fatty acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids, with the content of 29.14%, 45.54%, respectively. The contents of β-sitosterol and △-7 phytosterol were 30.75%, 10.77%, respectively. Squalene in hull-less pumpkin seed oil was 5 490 μg/g, up to 80 times of grape seed oil and 279 times of flaxseed oil. The antioxidant activities of hull-less pumpkin seed oil were positively correlated with its concentration. For the hull-less pumpkin seed oil, its ability to scavenge DPPH· free radical (IC₅₀ 16.14 mg/mL) was better than that of grape seed oil and flaxseed oil, and the ability of scavenging ABTS free radical was equivalent to that of grape seed oil and flaxseed oil. Its good antioxidant activity was related to its rich squalene, phytosterol and unsaturated fatty acid.

Abstract:The flavonoids from stems and leaves of Physalis alkekengi ( PSF ) were refined by macroporous adsorption resin, and their antioxidant activities were evaluated in vitro and in vivo. The PSF were obtained using with AB-8 macroporous adsorption resin washed by 70% ethanol, and the purity was 39.16%. After refining, the scavenging activities of PSF on NO^-₂·and ABTS⁺· were 81.36% and 91.49%. The anti-oxidative capability in linoleic acid lipid overoxidation system was 85.26%. The refined PSF not only significantly increased thymus index and spleen index（P＜0.05）, but also increased the activity of T-AOC, GSH-Px and SOD in serum（P＜0.05） and decreased the content of MDA in serum（P＜0.01）. The refined PSF showed strong antioxidant activity in vitro and in vivo.

Abstract:In this study, the seeds of Prunus humilis were used to extract amygdalin from the kernels by using ultrasound-assisted ethanol , and HPLC was used for detection. The amygdalin extraction rate was used as the detection index, and the ethanol concentration and the liquid-to-material ratio, extraction temperature, ultrasonic time and ultrasonic power were tested by single factor test, and then the relationships between each factor and extraction rate were analyzed. Thereafter, based on the two-level, five-factor experiment and response surface method, ultrasonic extraction process were optimized to obtain the extraction of Eucalyptus seeds. The optimum conditions of amygdalin included liquid to material ratio 13∶1 (mL/g), ethanol concentration 79%, extraction at 70 ℃, ultrasonic for 40 min, and ultrasonic power 192 W, and the final yield was 6.01%.

Abstract:In order to comprehensively utilize Flos Sophora resources and industrialized large-scale production, the development of optimal conditions for the purification of rutin by polyamide resins is highly desirable. Paraphlomis jauanica was used as the raw material, and four factors including concentration of sample solution, flow rate of the sample solution, ethanol concentration of the eluent and elution volume were investigated to ascertain its influence on the purification of rutin. When the concentration of the sample was 0.286 mg/mL, flow rate of the sample solution was 1.0 mL/min, with eluent of 80% ethanol and elution volume of 2.5 BV. Finally, the yield of rutin was 55.49% and the purity was 99.08%.

Abstract:The polysaccharide was extracted by compound enzyme method from the Indian truffle. Through single factor and uniform design experiments, the effect on the yield of truffle polysaccharide were investigated, including the enzyme ratio, zymolytic time and temperature, enzyme dosage, material/ liquid ratio and pH value. According to U₁₀ (10⁸) experiment, the effects of six single factors as well as their interactions on the yield of polysaccharide were studied. The optimal process parameters were predicted and verified. The results showed that the best extraction conditions of truffle polysaccharide was as follows: dispase and cellulase ratio of 1∶7 （g/g）, zymolytic time 48 min, zymolytic temperature 41 ℃, enzyme dosage 3.6%, material/ liquid ratio 1∶29 (g/mL) and pH 4.8. The yield of polysaccharide was up to 14.50%, and the content of polysaccharide could reach 75.96%. The confirmatory tests proved that the optimal conditions were reliable and suitable for extracting truffle polysaccharides.

Abstract:The small-molecule specific inhibitor, CFTRinh-172, is the standard reference for the researches. The progresses of CFTRinh-172 in chemical structure, mechanisms of action, and pharmacokinetics were summarizes in this review. CFTRinh-172 plays an important role in the treatment and drug development of malignant diseases such as cholera, polycystic kidney disease and leukemia. Moreover, CFTRinh-172 is the specific molecular inhibitor of the CFTR chloride channel. However, the side-effects and the poor water solubility restrict its application.

Abstract:In this review, the effects of egg powder were summarized from the aspects of physical method, chemical method and enzymatic modification, and the traits of these methods were analyzed and compared. Moreover, the future development of egg powder was prospected, so as to enhance the processing property of egg powder and expand the application range.

Abstract:Based on the advantages and disadvantages comparison in different sources of bio-preservatives, the classification of plant source bio-preservatives was described, and their bacteriostatic mechanism in aquatic products was introduced. Moreover, its existing problems and improvement suggestions were put forward, and the future development of plant derived bio-preservatives on the preservation of the aquatic products was also prospected.

Abstract:In this paper, the nutritional components of peony seed oil, including fatty acid, unsaponifiable compounds and trace elements, were summarized, and the functional properties, extraction process, refining process and processing of product oil of peony seed oil were also summarized and analyzed in order to provide reference for the further development of peony seed oil.

Abstract:Summarizes the research progress in the extraction, refining, and anti-oxidation of silkworm pupal oil in China and abroad in recent years. Regarding with the technical problems that restrict the development of industry, such as deacidification，deodorization and so on, this paper presents the key research directions in the future in this field. Based on the existing research, analyze the lipid composition characteristics of silkworm pupal oil, develop special extraction and refining technology for silkworm pupal oil in the future, especially enzymatic deacidification and low-temperature deodoriza-tion technology; study the anti-oxidation technology which is suitable for silkworm pupal oil, develop a silkworm pupal oil products with better oxidation stability.

Abstract:Acetobacter pasteurianum C9-4 was used as bran fermentation strain, and the preparation conditions of acetic acid bacteria bran koji fermentation were optimized by response surface method. The result showed that the best preparation conditions were: content of acetic acid 1.03 mL/100 g, condent of ethanol 2.09 mL/100 g and content of inoculation 4.09 mL/100 g. Under the condition, the production reached 1.38×10⁸ CFU/g. The culture was expanded in vinegar factory with the optimized parameter, the total number of acetic acid bacteria could reach 10⁸ CFU/g in the process of expanding the culture. This experiment provides a reference for the preparation of acetic acid bacteria bran koji and its bioaugmentation in solid vinegar fermentation.

Abstract:A new method for evaluating the mechanical properties of areca nut fiber layer is established. The elastic modulus of areca nut was determined by three-point bending method and the parameters were optimized. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and sensory evaluation test were used to verify the scientific nature of the method. The results showed that the moisture content and width of the sample had a certain effect on the elastic modulus, but the measuring conditions had no significant effect on the elastic modulus, and the elastic modulus of areca nut dried fruit could be objectively and scientifically measured by the three-point bending method, As a simple and effective measurement method, the three-point bending method can directly quantify the softness of the fiber layer of areca nut.

Abstract:In order to find out the optimal quantity of cut tobacco rolling back for cigarette machine, a model was built according to cigarette features, ecreteur specifications and the track of cut tobacco adsorbed specifications based on the principle of cigarette processing. The quantity of tobacco rolling back which calculated by this model could be appropriate through application cases, and this quantity of tobacco rolling back could provide the enough cut tobacco for cigarette. Moreover, it also could reduce the cigarette dust content and promote the quality of cigarette. The method calculating the quantity of cut tobacco rolling back promoted by this model was convenient to implement with no limiting of machine type, specifications of cigarette and materials.