Abstract:Brewer’s grains peptide SS-5(sequence: Ser-Pro-Asp-Arg-Ser) was synthesized by solid-phase synthesis with Fmoc protect group. Then the crude synthetic peptide was purified and desalted by HPLC, and as a result the purity was over 95%. The inhibitory activity of synthetic peptide SS-5 to α-glucosidase was detected, and the results showed that it was influenced by salt ionic concentration and the lower concentration presented higher inhibility. Furthermore, the interaction between synthetic peptide SS-5 and α-glucosidase was confirmed by circular dichroism spectrum(CD) and fluorescence quenching assays.. Therefore, a fast method of obtaining brewer’s grains peptide SS-5 with α-glucosidase inhibitory activity in quantity was proposed in this paper.

Abstract:In order to know the influence of impacting pose on the sound discreteness of a single pistachio , the sounds of the closed and open pistachio during impacting were recorded, and the 100-times data for each type on the same condition were analyzed including the discreteness of spectrum and statistical parameter. The discreteness of spectrum was evaluated by the angular separation between each sample signal with its average and variation coefficient, ant that of statistical parameter was then assessed by its variation coefficient, represented by energy, entropy and zero-cross rate, respectively. Moreover, the variation coefficient of the parameter was defined as the standard deviation over the average. The results were demonstrated as follows. Firstly, we found that for the open pistachio, angular separation was 30.94°, and the variation coefficient was 16.56%. What is more, the statistical parameter’s variation coefficient were 38.33%, 2.30%, 20.00%, and its average were 11.20, 4.39, 63.43 for energy, entropy and zero-cross coefficient, respectively. Sencondly, it was found that, for closed pistachio, the angular separation was 20.52°, the variation coefficient was 25.11%, the statistical parameter’s variation coefficient were 18.36%, 2.27%, 13.08%, and its average were 6.08,4.28,62.94 for energy entropy and zero-cross coefficient, respectively. Thus we could get the conclusions that the random impact pose could have an influence on impact sound signal discretely.Furthermore, the discreteness of open pistachio was higher than the closed ones. Lastly, The random impact pose was also found making spectrum and statistics parameter discretely in a limit range, so it was possible to sort open and closed pistachios using the parameters of larger differences on average whereas smaller value on variation coefficient.

Abstract:In order to obtain the efficient secretion of intracellular product in yeast, as the original strain,Saccharomyces cerevisiae (2n), (n) were mutagenized with UV treatment, five mutants strain may have temperature-sensitive were selected. To further identify, Y₁ was used as the control bacterium, and its content of extracellular nucleic acids, proteins and FDP were determined, find that the highest degree of autolysis was Ts₄(2n), it’s content of nucleic acid and protein in extracellular environment were 1.709, 1.483, the concentration of FDP in extracellular environment was 38μg/mL, higher than Y₁ 24.1%. Ts^*₂ (n) and Ts^*₃ (n) also have a certain extent of temperature-sensitive. Therefore, 3 temperature-sensitive mutants were obtained in this study, which are Ts₄ (2n), Ts^*₂(n) and Ts^*₃ (n).

Abstract:The effect of blueberry anthocyanins on the growth of primary chicken embryonic was investigated fibroblast in this study. 21.34% of anthocyanins was used to The situation of cell growth was evaluate by optical microscope, cell counter, and MTT assays. We observed that 50-100 μg/mL was the optimal concentration, which had no cytotoxicity to primary chicken embryonic fibroblast. It would inhibit cell growth when the concentration was more than 100 μg/mL. The results of this study may provide the basis for further development of anthocyanins functional studies and give helpful information for preventing the virus which used primary chicken embryonic fibroblast as cell model.

Abstract:The influence of different curing conditions including brine concentration (6%, 10%, and 15%), temperature (4, 15, and 25 ℃) and stirred on mass transfer kinetics of fresh rabbit meat during wet-curing was analyzed. The results showed that the changes of water (ΔMwt), salt content (ΔM^NaClt) and weight (ΔM0t) had good correlation with the square root curing time (t^0.5) in different curing conditions, and k₂ was affected by brine concentration, temperature and stirring. Our results showed that the brine concentration of 10% could cause the highest diffusion value (1.18×10^-9 m²/s) ,and the biggest diffusion value (5.86×10^-9 m²/s) at 15 ℃. However, the D_e increased at the stirring curing at 25 ℃, while decreased at 4 ℃ and 15 ℃. Therefore, the optimum diffusion value was obtained when 10% of brine was treated with stirring curing at 15 ℃.

Abstract:Two kinds of volatile oil were extracted by steam distillation extraction (SDE) and supercritical fluid extraction of CO2 (SFE-CO2), and then they were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC—MS). The antimicroble effects of the extract on different rot funguses in fresh milk was evaluated in 4 ℃ within 10 days. There were 39 different components in the two kinds of volatile oil, including methyl cyclohexane, octacosane, 1,3-dimethyl-benzene, and dibutyl phthalate mainly found in the SDE volatile oil, and 4-(4-ethylcyclohexyl)-1-pentyl-cyclohexene, toluene, 1,2-benzenedicar-boxylic acid, diisooctyl ester, 1-ethoxy-pentane, 2-methoxy-4-vinylphenol, and 2,4-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-phenol mostly presented in the SFE-CO2 volatile oil. The differences among the contents of 20 common components in two oils was great. The SFE-CO2 volatile oil showed more effective antimicrobial activity with the MIC range of 0.031～0.125 mg/mL. Moreover, those from SFE-CO2 volatile oil coulld also provide better exotic perfume and stronger antiseptic functions.

Abstract:The aroma components of geranium oil were analyzed by GC/MS, and the peak area normalization method was used to calculate the relative content of each component. With the mass spectrometry library search, 61 compounds which account for 86.217% in the aroma components of geranium, were identified by using reference literature retention index. The cis(trans)-isomers were confirmed by using retention index, and the accuracy of compound qualitative analysis in natural flavor was improved. The aroma of the key aroma compositions of the geranium oil (Citronellol, Geraniol, Citronellyl formate, Menthone, Geranyl formate, Isomenthone, Geranyl tiglate, Rose oxide, Geranyl butyrate, et al) was determined.

Abstract:In order to test the quality and characteristics of faint-scent cigarettes by the technology of GC—MS and electronic nose fingerprint, the method of SDE combined with GC—MS and electronic nose were used to construct their standard and radar fingerprints. Samples of non faint-scent cigarettes were selected to study the standard fingerprint. Results of similarity calculation showed that six batches of faint-scent cigarettes had a much higher similarity with the standard fingerprint, and the extent similarity was more than 85%, while the other six batches of non faint-scent ones had a lower similarity. This indicated that the faint-scent and non faint-scent cigarettes marked difference in quality and characteristics. Moreover, compared with electronic nose radar fingerprint, six batches of non faint-scent cigarettes were located the outside acceptable area of SQC, and this was accordant with the result of similarity calculation. In conclusion, SDE/GC—MS and electronic nose fingerprint is feasible and can be used for the quality and characteristics control of faint-scent cigarettes.

Abstract:In order to analyze the measurement characteristics of microwave cigarette density distribution detector, the effects of types, width and position of tipping paper, and filling length of filter rod were studied. In this paper, the sample making method that can effectively reduce the measurement error is proposed, and the relationship model between measurement value and filling length of filter rod is also established. Our results showed that the detection accuracy can be theoretically improved by reducing the thickness of the microwave cavity, and this provides a new clue for further optimizing the detector of microwave cigarette density distribution.

Abstract:The handheld terminal bacon detection system based on Raspberry Pi was investigated and applicated in this paper. The computer vision and artificial olfactory were used to collect the bacon color characteristic value and Plaque as so as the concentration of volatile gases, respectively. Moreover the collected data were transfer to the host computer through the GPRS, and then the analyses were returned. Thus we realized the rapid and portable detection of the bacon freshness. Our experiments verified that the terminal could work with good detection accuracy and operability.

Abstract:A method was developed screening, confirming and quantifying multiple additives and banned dyes in wine, juice and other beverages by liquid chromatography-ion trap-time of flight tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS-IT-TOF). The accurate and multiple-stage mass spectrometry database of 41compounds was established. The analytes in samples were diluted with water-methanol (v/v). In the chromatographic analysis, target compounds were separated on a C₁₈ column (150 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 μm) with the gradient elution using the mobile phases of methanol and 2 mM ammonium acetate. The results showed that the limits of detection were 0.005～1.0 mg/kg. The method validation was carried out at three spiking levels, and the recoveries were 41.2%～114.1%, with the relative standard deviations (RSDs) of 4.3%～16.4%. The screening of analytes was performed by precision mass matching and library searching. The retention time, isotopic abundance and multiple-stage ion mass spectral was employed in this confirmation. This method is simple, fast, credible and highly sensitive and can be applied to screening both multiple and illegal additives in foods without reference standards, reducing the analytical time and improving detection efficiency.

Abstract:A headspace-solid phase microextraction/gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS—SPME/GC—MS) was used to analyze the volatiles of rice contaminated with Aspergillus flavus and their ion chromatograms were obtained. Combined TurboMass and NIST Search software, 26 volatile metabolites were identified in rice contaminated with Aspergillus flavus, including five kinds of aldehydes, six kinds of alcohols, one kind of ketone, nine kinds of hydrocarbons, one kind of ester, one kind heterocyclic, one kind of organic acid, one kind of amine. Based on aflatoxin catabolism and substance transformation in the rice, 2-hydroxy inferred-propionamide and Heptaldehyde are typically volatile component group, which would be used as typical markers to identify rice contaminated by Aspergillus flavus, but also provide a theoretical basis for development of early and rapid detection techniques for identification of contamination rice.

Abstract:Under the optimized conditions, the samples were analyzed by ICP—MS with the triple internal standard elements Rh, In and Re. Good linearity of standard curves of twenty elements were obtained, and all the linear coefficient of them were above 0.999. The detection limits were in the range of 0.001 2～0.10 ng/mL. GBW10052-green tea, the certified reference material was analyzed and the results showed good agreement with the certified values. Five dark tea samples were determined by the proposed method. In the recovery experiment controlled by adding stand substance, the recoveries were range from 92% to 105%. It was indicated that the method was reliable for determining heavy metal elements and rare-earth elements in tea samples.

Abstract:Aflatoxin B1-contaminated corn (ACC) (83.0 μg/kg) was treated for 40 min at 90 mg/L ozone. And mice were used to assess the vivo toxicity of ozone treated ACC. Results indicated that compared with basal feedstuff, the mean weight of mice fed with ACC significantly decreased (P＜0.05). Whereas, the liver and kidney/body weight ratio increased significantly (P＜0.05). Alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in serum increased significantly (P＜0.05). The total protein (TP), albumin (ALB), and globulin (GLB) content significantly decreased (P＜0.05). When mice were fed with the ozone-treated ACC, no significant differences were observed in the mice mean weight, as well as the liver and kidney/body weight ratio. Additionally, no significant differences occurred in the major serum indexes ALT, TP, ALB, and GLB (P＞0.05). Meanwhile, AST and ALP increased significantly (P＜0.05). The study indicated that ACC can lead to significant changes in various physiological characteristics and biochemical indexes in liver and kidney tissues, while the ozone-treated ACC could significantly improve these changes.

Abstract:Hydrophobic ionic liquid 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate \[(C₈MIM) (PF₆)\] was synthesized using metathesis method, and then the ionic liquid was purified by activated carbon and macroporous resin solid phase extraction column, to get a colorless, transparent product \[(C₈MIM) (PF₆)\] with a yield of 87.6%. The ionic liquids was used to extract penicillin and penicillin-thiazole acid hydrolysates in milk and dairy products, and its extracting condition was optimized. After that the content of penicillin and penicillin thiazole acid were detected by utilizing self-developed HPLC method, and it could be indirectly determined whether the milk and dairy products were true antibiotic negative milk. In this study, the recovery rate of penicillin by ionic liquid extraction method was 87.9%～92.6%, with RSD 1.8%, and the detection limit was 5 ng/mL. Moreover, the recovery rate of penicillin thiazole acid was found to be 83.5%～90.8%, with RSD 2.4%, and the detection limit was also 5 ng/mL. Compared with both plate and liquid chromatography mass spectrometry methods, our method here is more predominant.

Abstract:As the indispensable supplies in food microbiology laboratory test, reagent supplies' quality directly affects the accuracy of the test results. To provide guidance for reagent supplies quality control, this article comprehensively analyzes the quality control of food microbiology laboratory from the respect of procurement, quality inspection & acceptance of appearance and immanency, storage, use, etc, and especially focus on internal quality acceptance of commercial medium and reagent.

Abstract:In this paper, based on the traditional steam heating stirred tank, a new type tank is presented with low wall temperature and convex groove. The performance of heat transfer and fluid flow is studied using detached eddy model. The results show that the velocity near the rotor area is large. The velocity in static area is uniform. Due to the small interaction between the upper and down blades, there have four cycle vortex in the tank, which are two parallel vortexes near each blade. When the speed of impeller N=96 r/min, the wall temperature is 358 K to heating 293 K sugar water, the sugar water temperature could reach 337-340 K in 10 min, and it satisfies the need of techniques.

Abstract:A new method of adlay shelling was presented to design a sheller. The adlay shelling technology that a mutual friction between grinding wheel and nylon wheels horizontally placed shell adlay was used. Moreover, the three-dimensional structure of sheller was designed, and the main parts of machine were also checked. Furthermore, in order to prevent the occurrence of resonance, ANSYS modal analysis of the body and the frame were carried out. The prototype of Adlay shell test results showed that the raw material processing capacity was 0.3 t/h, the shelling rate was greater than 95%, the whole kernel rate was more than 98%, and the power of the test equipment was 3 kW, respectively. As a result, the adlay shelling machine designed in this study might meet the needs of most processing enterprises.

Abstract:Design a type of hot pressing extraction equipment with composite rotary agitation and auto-discharging, which consists of three parts: tank, composite rotary agitation device and feeding device. The equipment is a horizontal stirring extraction, to avoid the problem that the extract is mixed with the solid material irregularity in conventional extraction method, and greatly increase the heating rate and extraction efficiency. Propelled scraper agitator and mixing paddle type impeller installed spaced equidistant, and the motor can forward and reverse, which make the extraction process and the process of tapping automatic. The use of two dimensional heating via jacket and stirring shaft, shorten the heating time and save energy. Hot-pressing extraction with chicken bone as raw material, and the results show that the extraction rate of bone collagen is more than 80% with almost 20% steam saving, and the heating time is from 1.5 h to 40 min. The equipment solves the problem such as conventional extraction tank extraction incompletely, extracting oil uneasy, poor universality, high demands on plant and ancillary equipment and so forth. The equipment is a high degree of automation, safe, efficient, energy-saving hot extraction equipment.

Abstract:The peeling machine is mainly used for separation of the green walnut green and walnut, using a single walnut peeling process, along with cutting through broken skin, torsion straining, and casting skin process. In order to realize the continuous feeding and discharging, a special kick-off device was designed, by utilizing a series of repeat actions, including rotation-depression-torsion-reduction, finally achieve the separation of the green walnut pericarp from walnut. It turned out that the mechanical structure was compact and easy to operate as well as the knifes were systematized. Therefore, the appropriate tool can be replaced according to the specific utilization. The machine designed in this study showed the good prospects for the development and practice.

Abstract:According to the problems of low shell breaking rate and whole kernel rate caused by exerting two forces, a four forces shell creaking machine was designed and made. The contrast shell breaking experiment of ‘two forces and four forces’ and preliminary test were conducted, which showed the four forces shell breaking machine that apply to all over the size of walnuts had a better result than the two forces machine. The extrusion length has a significant impact on the shell cracking situation, but less on the walnut size. With the moisture content 10%, extrusion length 6 mm , cracking effect was the best, and the shell creaking rate and whole kernels rate were 100% and 96.8%, respectively.

Abstract:Current technologies for grading betel nuts remain rudimentary and heavily rely on manual inspection, which results in no assurance over grading quality. This paper describes a betel nut grading method based on the computer vision technology, which comprises image capture and pre-processing to collect characteristics such as color, shape, and texture. It is observed that combining both color and shape characteristics leads to satisfactory grading results. This method can reach a recognition rate over 90.38% following principle components analysis (PCA) and a support vector machine (SVM) algorithm.

Abstract:In order to solve traditional fruit grading detection system of graded speed slow, huge system and high cost, puts forward the detection system based on SOPC fruit grading, and the whole control system was integrated into a FPGA chip, which can be detached from the PC platform, greatly reduces the cost. Through the Soble algorithm to achieve the edge of the fruit image extraction, and the method of histogram of the size of the fruit to distinguish, the fruit could be accurately classified. Test results show that this system has the advantages of fast detection speed, short development cycle, and can be upgraded online, which has a good application space.

Abstract:In the industrial processing of beer, pasteurization is necessary the to guarantee its biological stability. The superheat phase (the last part of heating phase) was numerically simulated, in which the slowest heating zone (SHZ) inside the bottle was determined, and then the influence of three parameters on the uniformity of temperature distribution inside the bottled beer during pasteurization, i.e. the temperature of spray water, the turbulent intensity of spray water at the spray nozzles and the running velocity of bottles were analyzed using L₉ (3⁴) orthogonal experiments. The results indicated that SHZ lay at the bottom of the bottle at the beginning and then moved upward without exceeding 1/2 of filling height of beer. Besides, after heating for 7 min, the temperature and the turbulent intensity of spray water at the spray nozzles affected the uniformity of temperature distribution inside the bottled beer obviously, while the running velocity of bottle had no significant effect on it. Our results showed that the probable optimum condition was 65 ℃ temperature of spray water and 3% turbulent intensity of it at the spray nozzles as well as 3 mm/s running velocity of bottle.

Abstract:The speed of screw pump motor used for crushing tomatoes in corresponding paste plant influences the quality of its processing seriously. Therefore, based on Profibus-DP, we proposed a control method in order to actually operate the screw pump motor for real-time monitoring with a touched PC and PLC screen. Moreover, the frequency converter was used as actuators system solutions, and the operation was analyzed according to the debugging steps. The results showed that the system characterized by good stability and fast response could run a good monitoring of screw pump motor as well as get real-time feedback of running and alarm information. The application of this system ensured that the speed of screw pump motor was accurately controlled, and the digital management of system was realized. This might help to extend the service life of the screw pump and save electricity. Our results here could provide a new clue for similar automatic control of processing equipment on agricultural processing.

Abstract:In this study, spoilage bacteria in fresh Xiang lotus seeds preserved at 4 ℃ temperature for 18 d were separated by dilution-plate method. Total genomic DNA was extracted from these strains and then subjected to PCR amplification. Dominant spoilage bacteria were identified using 16S rDNA sequencing for the identification and the law of their growth and declination was drawn. The results showed the four dominant spoilage bacteria in fresh Xiang lotus seeds preserved at the temperature of 4 ℃ were Pantoea dispersa, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus warneri, and Pantoea agglomerans. At the storage temperature of 4 ℃, the growing trends of Pantoea dispersa, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus warneri of fresh lotus seeds were similar, which all needed an adaptive phase before their increase. The amount change of Pantoea agglomerans was irregular.

Abstract:To investigate the effect of hypobaric storage on the fresh-keeping of Agaricus bisporus, The results showed that the low pressure-treated groups (25.3 kPa and 50.7 kPa) were able to maintain the good sensory quality of white button mushrooms, decrease respiration of mushrooms, significantly delay the change of the mushroom whiteness and hardness (P<0.05), maintain a high soluble solids (P<0.05), inhibit the PPO activity (P<0.05). Nevertheless, the hypobaric treatment increased weight loss of mushroom (P<0.05) and the lower pressure brought the higher the rate of weight loss. However, the weight loss of 50.7 kPa and 76.0 kPa group was at an acceptable range. Above all, the 50.7 kPa group achieved the best effects.

Abstract:The rapid and nondestructive detection method of egg freshness was investigated based on the near-infrared spectroscopy technology combined with the wavelength selection method in this study. We promoted using the egg yolk index as the target to estimate the freshness of eggs. The results showed that the models established for pH value and Hough units were unacceptable and the egg yolk index detection models were the best. By applying the successive projections algorithm (SPA), 12 wavenumbers were chosen out, i.e., 4 188.6，4 593.6，4 855.9, 5 311.0, 5 376.6, 5 935.8, 6 306.1, 7 243.3, 7 328.2, 7 343.6, 8 130.4 and 8 531.5 cm^-1. According to the index of these12 variables , three egg yolk models, including partial least squares regression (PLSR), principal component regression (PCR) and stepwise multivariate linear regression (SMLR), were established respectively. The results of these three models were basically similar, and the SMLR were the best among them. The prediction correlation coefficient (r_pre) and the root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) were 0.950 and 0.030 of SPA-SMLR model, respectively. Our results indicated that detecting the egg yolk index by using the near-infrared spectroscopy technology was practicable. Moreover, the performance could be improved by using the feature wavelengths as the input. This study will provide a theoretical basis and new clue for the further development of the potential effective and nondestructive detective equipment in egg freshness grading.

Abstract:Germ-left rice contains a large amount of nutritional ingredients, but its quality degradation easily occurs. In order to improve the storage quality of germ-left rice, the effects of several packing material and storage parameters on storage time of germ-left rice were investigated. Microwave intensity, gas regulating mode and ambient temperature were selected as influencing parameters, and critical storage duration (responding to fat acid content of 35 mg KOH/100 g DB in germ-left rice) as the indicator on quality evaluation. Response surface methodology was used to analyze the effect regulation of storage parameters on the storage time of the germ-left rice，to obtain the optimal parameters of the storage control. Results showed that the storage time of transparent plastic bag and aluminum foil bag packaging germ-left rice were basically the same, which were both longer storage duration than the paper bag packing. The influence degree of the factors affect the storage time: ambient temperature>gas regulating mode>microwave intensity. The critical storage duration extend with the increase of microwave intensity and CO₂ content and the decrease of the ambient temperature. Optimal storage conditions were developed as microwave intensity of 500 J/g, the content ratio of N₂ and CO₂ of 3070, the ambient temperature of 3 ℃ to achieve the highest storage duration of 374 d.

Abstract:Based on the extensive market investigation and full consideration of the product development demanding, a new multifuntional corn storage container was designed using a optimization design principlein in this study. The new container was integrated with ventilation air-drying, heating and drying, deworming and sterilization, and energy supplied by photovoltaic solar power. Then its solar control system was realized. Our practical application shows that the product works well and guarantees a safe storage of corn.

Abstract:In order to select the best drying method and temperature of dried cooked dictyophora， compared the influence of four different drying methods, hot air drying, vacuum drying, far infrared drying and vacuum freeze drying, under different drying temperature on colour, rehydration, texture, polysaccharide content and organization structure of dried cooked dictyophora. The results showed that that the dried cooked dictyophora during vacuum freeze drying and vacuum drying could full rewatered in 20 min and 30 min respectively, while hot air drying and far infrared drying all need 40 min. The ?SymbolDA@E value of cooked dictyophora dried by vacuum freeze drying and vacuum drying was significantly lower than that dried by hot-air drying and far infrared drying. The sample dried by vacuum freeze at 20 ℃ has the minimum ?SymbolDA@E value with 3.021.The hardness and chewiness of cooked dictyophora dried by vacuum freeze drying and vacuum drying less than the sample dried by hot-air drying and far infrared drying, but has little effect on the elastic.The cooked dictyophora dried by vacuum freeze drying could keep the structure and the polysaccharide content of the dry products was significantly higher than other three drying methods. The results of the experiment indicated that the vacuum freeze drying and vacuum drying methods could better maintain the quality of dried cooked dictyophora.

Abstract:In order to evaluate the content of polyphenol and flavonoid, as well as antioxidant activity in different parts of Akebia trifoliata., the ultrasonic-assisted and reflux method were used. The content of polyphenol and flavonoids, and antioxidant capacity in different parts were compared. The results showed that the ultrasonic extraction method was more efficient than the reflux extraction method, among the all extracts, the highest content of polyphenol and flavonoid, and strongest antioxidant capacity was found in cane extract by ultrasonic-assited (CSJ). The contents of the total polyphenol, flavonoid in CSJ as (63.033±0.482) mg/g, (26.395±0.731) mg/g, respectively, and the DPPH, ABTS, FRAP antioxidant activity value in CSJ as (380.860±5.462) μmol Trolox/g, (337.181±1.586) μmol Trolox/g and (387.406±1.773) μmol Trolox/g, respectively. The polyphenol, flavonoids content and antioxidant activity for all extracts were showing the following tendency: cane ＞ leaf ＞ peel ＞ seed ＞ sarcocarp. Spearman correlation study shows that the content of polyphenol, flavonoids and strongly related to the antioxidant activity. The research results provide experimental basis for deep processing of Akebia Trifoliata..

Abstract:In order to study the anti-Helicobacter pylori activities of aqueous extracts from bitter melon， the extraction processes were optimized by orthogonal array design with respect to inhibitory zone size of bacteria using paper disc diffusion method. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) and bactericidal kinetics on aqueous extracts of bitter melon were further investigated. The results showed that the best anti-Helicobacter pylori effects of aqueous extracts from bitter melon were the water extraction condition with the temperature at 80 ℃，the ratio of material to liquid at 1∶50， for 1.5 h. Its MIC and MBC against Helicobacter pylori were 32 mg/mL and 128 mg/mL, respectively. The kinetics of fourfold anti-bactericidal activity against Helicobacter pylori was 30 min.

Abstract:Moderate refining and antioxidant adding on the qualities of cold squeezing Carya kernel oil was studied. Results showed that the the acid value of cold squeezing Carya kernel oil was a little higher and appeared to be a darker shade of yellow than national standards. Subsequently, the qualified oil could be obtained after deacidification and decoloration, with the acid value lower than 3.0 mg KOH/g and yellowness 30. The storage time of the studied oil was 448 days with 0.02% phytic acid added, and the volume of unsaturated fatty acid was found up to 86.74%.

Abstract:The in vitro antioxidant activities of different extractions of Spiranthes sinensis(Pers.)Ames were evaluated through DPPH and ABTS assays, and the total phenols contents were determined by Folin-Ciocalteu method. It was shown that all the different extraction parts of S. sinensis had significant in vitro antioxidant activities in a dose-dependent manner; The antioxidant activities and total phenols contents were both ordered as follows: ethyl acetate extraction>n-butanol extraction> petroleum ether extraction. The results showed that the in vitro antioxidant activities were positively correlated with the total phenols contents of different extraction parts of S. sinensis, the IC₅₀ values of scavenging DPPH· and ABTS+· of ethyl acetate extraction part were (45.270±0.005) and (75.420±0.015) μg/mL, respectively, its total phenols content was (13.861±0.002)%.

Abstract:The extraction process of Citrus reticulate peel polysaccharide was studied by single factor experiment which controlled extraction temperature, extraction time, ultrasonic power and liquid ratio. The orthogonal experiment was texted and based on single factor experiments, then determined the best extraction process by experimental data. The oxidation resistance of Citrus reticulate peel polysaccharide was determined by Fenton reaction. The results showed that the extraction rate of Citrus reticulate peel polysaccharide could reach 28.86% when the extraction temperature was 70 ℃, extraction time 50 min, ultrasonic power 280 W, solid-liquid ratio 1∶25(g/mL). The hydroxyl radicals were cleared by Citrus reticulate peel polysaccharide which showed Citrus reticulate peel polysaccharide had oxidation resistance, then Polysaccharides and hydroxyl free radical clearance existed concentration-response relationship.

Abstract:The enzymes-chemical method was used to extract the insoluble antioxidant dietary fiber (IADF) from the remaining orange pomace after oppressing juice. The single factor experiment and response surface optimization have carried out considering the clearance rate of DPPH free radical as the indicator. The results of response surface showed that the clearance rate of free radicals was best in the condition of liquid ratio 33.58 mL/g, protease dosage of 0.21 mL/g, amylase temperature of 67 ℃ and glucoamylase temperature of 64 ℃, and highest value was up to 3.520 mmol Trolox/100 g IADF.

Abstract:Based on the adsorption-desorption rate and the content of total flavonoids, static and dynamic adsorption methods were adopted to evaluate the purification ability of 6 macroporous resins, including ADS-7, ADS-17, NKA-9, AB-8, D101, and HPD-100, for purifying total flavonoids from of Mentha haplocalyx. The results showed that AB-8 was adsorbed best among all the candidates. The optimum purification condition was as follows. The flow rate was 1 mL/min, and the loading volume of sample was 3 BV containing flavonoids 2.56 mg/mL in it, desorbed by 4 BV 30% ethanol. Finally, 90.35% total flavonoids from Mentha haplocalyx were obtained. The method above is characteristic of high separation efficiency, convenient operation and reliable stability. This study could provide theory support for the comprehensive utilization of Mentha haplocalyx.

Abstract:In order to acquire optimum conditions of preparation of yeast extract from its waste residue, single factor experiments were conducted to a good condition of adding external enzymes, and also it was compare with the traditional process. And then the GC—MS was used to analyze the flavor of the yeast extract for determining the best stratagem. Through optimization, the best optimum condition is that it adding 0.20% neutral protease and reacting for 36 h at pH 6.0. The final extract contained a variety of acids, esters, alcohols and other substances. The neutral protease method is shown a better way to acquire yeast extract. Moreover, the products obtained were with rich nutriment.

Abstract:In order to realize the efficient extraction of collagen from fish scales, acid-enzyme coupling methods was used for collagen extraction based on the optimized decalcification, mixed-acid and enzymatic extraction. The optimum decalcification of fish scales was as follows. The solid to liquid ratio was 8100, soluted in 1.0 mol/L hydrochloric acid, and then reaction at 20 ℃ for 1.0 h. The best conditions for collagen extraction using mixed acid were 112 of acetic acid, 110 of citric acid, and 112 of lactic acid for 3 d extraction and the extraction yield of it was 48.14%. The best enzymatic extraction conditions were shown to be 450 U/g of pepsin at the extraction temperature of 30 ℃ for 72 h and the yield was 45.26%. Acid-enzyme coupling method showed better effect than acid or enzymatic extraction only, even though repeating them twice respectively was not as effective as the coupled one, in spite of relatively high cost and time-consuming (P<0.05). We could obtain 84.61% of the collagen using mixed acid followed by enzymatic extraction , and the extracted collagen was identified to be type I one using SDS-PAGE.

Abstract:This study was carried out to establish optimum conditions for the extraction of total alkaloids from potato (Solanum tuberosum). The extraction temperature, extraction time, ultrasonic power and solid-liquid ratio, as major factors influencing the extraction amount according to the single factor tests, were selected as the independent variables. And the extraction amount of α-solanine was selected as response factor. The optimal extraction conditions were studied using the response surface analysis and the Box Behnken central combination design. The results showed that the optimum extraction conditions were the alcohol-acetic acid ratio as the extraction solvent, 8︰2 extraction temperature 49 ℃, extraction time 61 min, ultrasonic power 152 W and solid-liquid ratio 1︰14. Under these conditions, the extraction amount of α-solanine from potato was 7.715 mg/g with RSD (relative standard deviation) = 1.74% (n=5), which was consistent with the simulated predictive value. And the average recovery rate was 98.21% with a RSD of 1.33% (n=3). Result analysis indicated that the extraction method established in our study was applicable in the extraction of α-solanine from potato.

Abstract:To improve the efficiency of protein extraction from broken long-grain rice, a quadratic rotatable central composite response surface methodology (qrCCD-RSM) was utilized to investigate the affecting mechanism of alkali concentrations, broken long-grain rice particle sizes and solid-liquid ratios (SLR), based on the results of Min-Run Res IV factorial design and steep accent experiments (SAE). The optimal extraction condition was obtained, i.e. 80 mesh of broken long-grain rice was used to extrat proteins, soluting in 0.09 mol/L of NaOH buffer, with the SLR 1 g13.5 mL at 50 ℃ for 120 min. Under this optimized condition, the protein extraction rate and its purity was found to be (82.25±2.53)% and (91.68±1.26)%, respectively.

Abstract:In order to improve the unit yields of medicinal components, and provide a scientific basis for effective exploring of Rhizoma paridis, single factor experiments were combined with inner ebullition and response surface methods to extract the saponin from Rhizoma paridis. Based on the single factor experiments of ethanol concentration, temperature, liquid feed ratio, and extraction time, the best levels of all factors were established. The extraction conditions were optimized by the Box-Behnken design and the optimum conditions were as follows: 39% of ethanol concentration, 86 ℃ of extraction temperature, and 5.5 min of extraction time. The yield of saponin extracted under the optimal conditions reached 11.02%. The present strategy is simple, rapid and efficient.

Abstract:Ultrasonic assisted enzymatic hydrolysis was used in peeling process to the yellow peaches (Jin tong 5). The optimum technological conditions were obtained by single-factor and response surface methodology. The quality of peeled yellow peach by ultrasonic assisted enzymolysis and non-assisted enzymolysis under the optimum conditions was compared. The results showed that the ultrasonic assisted optimum conditions were achieved as follows: ultrasonic power 450 W, temperature 45 ℃, time 30min, enzymes concentration 0.31 g/100 mL, pH 3.5, and liquid ratio W(yellow peach)V(enzyme solution) =13 (g/mL) with ultrasonic assisted method. And the results showed that the quality of peeled yellow peach was superior by ultrasonic assisted enzymolysis: rigidity was increased by 40% and chewing index was increased by 121%, the peeling efficiency was higher than non-assisted enzymolysis: enzyme concentration was reduced by 38% and enzymolysis time was reduced by 12%.

Abstract:To study the best formulation of kiwifruit nutritional chewable tablet, the fresh kiwifruit was used as raw material to prepare the fruit powder through slicing, vacuum drying, and crushing. A certain amount of vitamin A and vitamin _D were added. According to the single factor experiment, the formulation of kiwi fruit nutrition chewing tablets was also optimized using L₉(3³) orthogonal experiment. Ultimately, the quality of the prepared tablets was evaluated. The best formulation was 40% fruit power, 25% mannitol, 30% lactose, and 5% glucose, 10% PVP ethanol solution, which was used for soft materials, and 0.5% magnesium stearate and 0.5% talc mix powder was used as lubricant. And through quality evaluation: the chewable tablets prepared with yellow green smooth tablets, moderate hardness, sweet and sour. The moisture content is less than or equal to 5%, vitamin C 70.52 mg/100 g, total sugar content is less than or equal to 44.0%, Ca content is 52.14 mg/100 g.

Abstract:Instant kuduz-rice porridge was prepared by screw extrusion after being balanced by kudzu flour with non-waxy rice flour. The nutrient component, texture properties and sensory properties of the products were analyzed. Results indicated that, the principal component of instant kuduz-rice porridge was starch, with few flavone; the digestibility in vitro increased sharply than raw material after being extrusion, whatever the product was puffing or not; within the range of shaping, the porridge with 20% kuduz flour obtained higher viscosity, chewiness, hardness and elasticity; the results of sensory evolution showed that the porridge with 20% kuduz flour got more ideal score for its higher bulk density, uniform and compact structure.

Abstract:The processing technology and its effect on stability of Tremella fuciformis cloudy drink was investigated in this study. The appropriate rehydration conditions were determined by the moisture content of T. fuciformis. The total saccharides, reducing saccharides and polysaccharides content of T. fuciformis boiled drink were examined to study the effects on of boiling time. Combining with DPPH and hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, we analyzed the oxidation stability of boiled drink at different boiling time. The appropriate choice for stabilizers and complex program were determined by single factor and uniform design with indicators, including viscosity and suspension stability. Our results indicated that the moisture content of T. fuciformis was up to 92.91% at 50 ℃ for rehydration 15 min. When boiled for 5 h, the polysaccharide content of T. fuciformis boiled drink was the highest (1 741.00 mg/L), and the DPPH and hydroxyl radical scavenging activity were also the strongest (17.84% and 12.38%). Moreover, the guar gum, CMC and gum acacia were selected as a compound stabilizer. When the optimal dosage of guar gum, CMC and gum acacia were 0.10%, 0.05% and 0.05% respectively, the viscosity and suspension stability were 23.4 mPa·s and 94.69%, and the weighted stability was 91.72%. By this processing, the cloudy drink was uniform, stable and with good antioxidant activity. Therefore, our work provides a theoretical basis for industrial production.

Abstract:To make full use of the black adzuki bean resources and make black adzuki bean paste with high nutritional value, the water absorption of black adzuki beans with different soaking temperatures and time, the bean paste rate, sensory evaluation and the texture profile of different cooking time of black adzuki beans paste were determined. The research showed that the optimum process parameters of black adzuki bean paste were: soaking temperature 40 ℃, soaking time 150 min, cooked time 40 min; under this condition, the yeild rate of bean paste reached 72.93%±1.53%. The making black adzuki bean paste was estimated uniform texture, soft, strong bean smell under the condition of in this process. Different cooking time had significant effects on the hardness, adhesiveness, springiness, cohesiveness, gumminess, chewiness, resilience (P<0.05). The quality of black adzuki bean paste was influenced by the cooked degree of black adzuki beans. Black adzuki bean could be used to peel and black adzuki bean paste with the skin to take advantage of raw material. The study has expanded the present source of raw material, and provided the basis for the industrial productions of black adzuki bean paste.

Abstract:The protein characteristics of 9 kinds of commercial Asini Corri Collas (ACC, E1—E9) were compared, including amino acid composition, pI, secondary structure and molecular weight distribution. The differences of pI were negligible and all samples showed a range of 4.38—4.88. Circular dichroism results indicated that only random coil configurations was observed of all ACC samples due to the damage of triple helix structures. The amino acid composition was similar other than some differences in imino acid (Pro and Hyp) composition. E2, E3, E4 and E9 showed lower imino acid content (<23.80%) than that of others (>25.0%). Significant differences in the molecular weight distribution were observed. E2, E4, E7 and E8 appeared to be in a wider distribution containing more high molecular weight (>4.46%) and the major MW fraction was located in the range of 120-132 kD. The other 5 samples, however, showed a narrower distribution (high molecular weight protein <1.16%) and the major MW fraction was located in the range of 36-42 kD. The difference in protein characteristics of commercial ACC attributed to the differences in degradation degree of protein. This study would improve the protein characteristics evaluation system of ACC and lay a foundation to further study the effect of processing on protein characteristics.

Abstract:Faced with the revolution in internet plus food industry, the communication of internet food brand three squirrels has become a model to research the direction of development in the industry. In order to create and maintain a unified brand personality, internet food brand used some methods such as spreading content themes without direct relationship to the brand in micro-blog, mainly using a communication form of text plus image and the multi language style with the sub culture characteristic. These methods also give some inspiration for the application of micro blog dissemination of internet food brands. First, using social media to build a dialogue system with the audiences; second, using a variety of means of communication to create and maintain a unified brand personality. Also try to use sub culture factors in the communication of brand.

Abstract:Food safety is closely related to people's daily life. Food logistics is an important factor affecting food security. In China, food logistics industry is still in its infancy. Chinese infrastructure construction in food logistics, food logistics industry standardization, frozen food chains, and food logistics information technology has made great progress. However, our food logistics industries still have a lot of problems. The infrastructure of food logistics is still relatively backward. Food logistics technology is not only underdeveloped, but also not formatted a unified food industry standard. What’s more, government oversight and business organizations are also far from played out. In order to promote the continuous development of China's food logistics business, capital investment should be increased both in infrastructure and technical means. Meanwhile, the modern integrated food logistics system must be established and improved, and the government and community should continue improving the logistics of food safety risk assessment mechanism and risk prevention.

Abstract:GMF labeling is significant in its safety supervision. At present, two kinds of systems, compulsory and voluntary labelings, differing in labeling types, methods, forms and contents, are adopted in the European Union and the United States respectively. Different choices of system between the European Union and the United States were decided by the differences in idea and value of the GMF safety management, trade condition, cultural tradition, public opinions and other aspects. China should draw useful experience from the comparisons between the European Union system and the United States system to improve GMF labeling management on the basis of national conditions.

Abstract:Food and legal system in the United States is composed of three parts，which is the laws enacted by federal Congress, regulations developed by administrative functional departments and the operating mechanism which is under the leadership of President of food safety advisory committee. Its high efficient administrative system, a wide range of public participation, as well as food safety traceability and issues of food recall system, are worth the necessary reference to our legal system of food. It is necessary in the reference basis to take some measures, such as further improving the existing legal system of food, improving public participation system on the basis of information disclosure, and establishing the food safety traceability system and the problem food recall system, so that to promote the development and perfection of the legal system of our country food.

Abstract:At present, the fact that various kinds of safety problems frequently appear in the market shows that there are many problems in the existing food safety supervision system in our country. From the dimension of administrative law on these issues for careful analysis, it can be found that food safety supervision system in our country exists a series problems, such as fragmentation, lack of unified food safety regulation standard, lack of accountability efforts. It is necessary that some corresponding innovations should be taken on the basis of the present situation, to establish an efficient administrative management system with unified and coordinated vertical management, impose an unified mandatory food safety traceability system, and establish multiple accountable mechanisms of food safety supervision, so that the food safety supervision efficiency can be improved substantially.

Abstract:The judicial determination of the crime of endangering food safety mainly includes the identification of the crime of producing and selling the food which does not conform to the safety standard, the crime of producing and selling poisonous and harmful food and the crime of dereliction of duty in food regulation. However, there is a series problems in this determination, such as the food production operators’ subjective deliberately is difficult to determine, food safety standards is difficult to determine, there is no clear provision of the criminal law about the transportation and storage of food which does not meet safety standards or is poisonous and harmful, whether there is a direct intentional in the food supervision malfeasance crime of abuse of power problem. It must be in-depth analysis, so that some efficient ways should be found to improve it, such as putting the food production operators into the category of “presumed to be aware”, clearing food safety standards, adding “crime of transporting or storing food which does not meet the safety standards or is toxic and harmful”, clearing crime of abuse of food supervision power and dereliction of duty subjective only contains indirect intent and negligence, in order to achieve a better guarantee of food safety.

Abstract:The analysis of the core content of Vickrey theory shows that the Vickery theory can effectively solve the problem of commodity auction under information asymmetry. After applying Vickery theory in construction bidding, “the second price bid evaluation method” is promoted. Defined the price of bidder A is “B”, the real price of project is “Z”, three strategies of bidder under “the second price bid evaluation method” is discussed: ① B>Z；② B