As a new generation of mobile communication technology, 5G demonstrates significant potential in the digitalization and intelligent transformation of the food supply chain, owing to its advantages of high data rates, low latency, and massive connectivity. This paper reviews the research progress and application exploration of 5G in the food supply chain in China and abroad, with a focus on typical cases and technical pathways in raw material production, food processing, storage and cold-chain logistics, and quality traceability. Overall, 5G has become an important support for promoting the development of the food supply chain. However, related research and practices are still mostly at the pilot stage, and further improvements are needed in standard system construction, data security assurance, and network coverage.