Objective This study investigates variations in the chemical composition of volatile oils extracted from different plant parts and growth ages of Artemisia dracunculus L.Methods The volatile oil components are analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Differential analysis is performed using cluster heatmaps and orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA).Results The roots, stems, and leaves contain 27, 27, and 47 compounds, respectively. The leaves exhibit the highest chemical diversity, with most compounds present in relatively high concentrations. Certain compounds, such as elemicin, are exclusively detected in the stems and roots. While absent in the leaves, elemicin is particularly abundant in the roots. Among the three plant parts, 32 compounds show significant differences (VIP>1.0). The 1-, 2-, and 3-year-old plants contain 35, 46, and 52 compounds, respectively. The concentration of most compounds increases with plant age, and 35 compounds have VIP values>1.0.Conclusion The essential oil composition of A. dracunculus L. varies significantly depending on plant part and growth age. The leaves and 3-year-old plants contain the most diverse and abundant compounds. Specific marker compounds (32 for plant parts and 35 for growth ages, VIP>1.0) can be used to distinguish between different plant tissues and developmental stages.