China has achieved notable progress in criminal governance of toxic and harmful food production and sales, yet the country still faces multiple challenges, including ambiguous definitions of "toxic and harmful non-food ingredients", unclear delineation of responsible entities, and low differentiation between similar offenses. To address these issues, it was suggested that China should optimize and reconstruct its criminal governance framework for toxic and harmful food product production and sales through three dimensions: clarifying identification criteria for "toxic and harmful non-food ingredients", establishing criminal liabilities for responsible entities, and defining key distinguishing elements between similar offenses.