A balanced diet is fundamental to maintaining human health and preventing or reducing the risk of chronic non-communicable diseases. Efficient and accurate analysis of nutritional and functional components in food, followed by the provision of personalized nutritional guidance, is a research hotspot in the field of food nutrition and health. This article reviews the research progress on artificial intelligence technologies, such as machine learning, in the analysis of food nutritional components, functional component analysis and screening, and personalized nutrition, and highlights the pressing issues that need to be addressed in this field.