Veterinary drugs play a crucial role in ensuring the healthy development of the livestock industry. However, improper or excessive use of veterinary drugs may pose threats to the environment and human health. To achieve effective monitoring of veterinary drug residues, various detection technologies have emerged. Among them, molecularly imprinted electrochemical sensors (MIECSs) combines the high recognition specificity of molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) with the rapid and sensitive advantages of electrochemical analysis, becoming a powerful tools in the detection of veterinary drug residues and demonstrating great application potential. However, its transition to large-scale application still faces many challenges. This article systematically reviews the progress in the application of MIECS in the detection of different types of veterinary drug residues (antibiotics, sulfonamides, hormones, sedatives, antiparasitics and nitrofurans) and elaborates on its future research directions and application prospects.