Liver injury is caused by one or more factors acting on the liver, damaging liver cells and resulting in pathological changes in the liver, as well as elevated serum transaminases. In severe cases, it may lead to liver failure and hepatic encephalopathy. Inulin is a common dietary fiber with various biological activities, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-cancer properties, and the regulation of gut microbiota. These biological activities are closely related to the protection of liver health. This article reviews the protective effects of inulin against various types of liver injury, summarizes the mechanisms underlying its protective effects on the liver, and looks forward to future research directions.