Camellia nitidissima Chi polysaccharide is a natural polymer compound with multiple biological activities, including significant antioxidant, antibacterial, and hypoglycemic effects, which has attracted considerable attention. However, research on C. nitidissima Chi polysaccharides still faces issues such as a limited range of extraction methods, insufficient studies on separation and purification, and structural characterization focused mainly on primary structure. This paper provides a systematic review of the current research on C. nitidissima Chi polysaccharides, covering extraction processes, separation and purification, structural characterization, and biological properties, while also discussing future research directions.