Objective: This paper puts forward one cylinder driving five-row longan core-removing mechanism for the low production efficiency of the pneumatic longan core-removing mechanism. Methods: The mechanism adopts one cylinder driving five rows handspikes in the direction, which transport longan to core-removing hole, after the longan is cut under the triangular blade, and another cylinder drives five handspikes in the vertical direction in order to remove longan core. Five longan cores is removed one working process, so that the production efficiency is improved. Results: The result of experiments showed that the order of influencing on longan core-removing loss rate is blade thickness, flow rate, mandril diameter, pneumatic pressure and the interaction of flow rate and pneumatic pressure. Conclusion: When blade thickness is fixed at 2.5 mm, mandril diameter at 6.0 mm, pneumatic pressure at 0.6 MPa, flow rate at 6 m³/h, the core-removing loss rate achieves the lowest value, which is 7.04%.