In this study, 237 watermelon samples from 19 counties and cities (A-S) in Xinjiang were taken as research objects, and 60 pesticide residues in the samples were investigated and analyzed. On this basis, pesticide residues and pollution levels in each producing area were evaluated through single pollution index, Nemero comprehensive pollution index, and acute and chronic dietary risk. The detection rate of 15 pesticide residues was 46.84%. Pyrimethanil, amidine and carbendazim were the main pesticide residues, accounting for more than 10%. 7 and 2 samples of grade II pollution (relatively safe) were collected from E city and D county, 1 from L city and 1 from N county, and 100% of the samples from other 15 counties and cities were at the safe level. The samples were detected with pesticides, but the residual risk was at a safe level. The degree of residual pesticide pollution was different in different counties and cities, among which E city, D county, L city and N county had a relatively high degree of residual pollution, so it was suggested to strengthen the guidance and supervision of the standardized use of pesticides.