Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) is a brominated flame retardant widely used in flame retardant for various industrial and consumer products. Due to its high biotoxicity, bioaccumulation, pollution persistence, and long-range transport capacity, HBCD has been included in the Stockholm Convention list of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and is being phased out globally. In this paper, the contamination of HBCD, additive brominated flame retardants, in daily diet and the characteristics of HBCD absorption and metabolism in the body are briefly described. Then, the evaluation of HBCD exposure toxicity by bioinformatics, in vitro primary cell models, and cell line models are reviewed. Subsequently, the effects of HBCD intervention on the toxicology of zebrafish models, mouse models, and rat models in vivo are compared. Finally, the total dietary exposure and breast milk exposure in the HBCD population are analyzed.