Electron beam irradiation is a non-thermal sterilization technology that is widely used in the food industry due to its efficient sterilization, energy-saving, safety, residue-free nature, and ability to retain the sensory attributes and nutritional quality of food to the greatest extent. This paper reviews the principles and characteristics of electron beam irradiation technology, its impact on food quality, and its applications and controlling factors in the food industry. It also looks forward to the important directions for future research on electron beam irradiation technology.