Objective: This study aimed to realize rapid on-site screening of enrofloxacin in eggs. Methods: According to the requirements of the “Maximum residue limit of 41 veterinary drugs in the national food safety standard” and the “Opinions on regulating the use of rapid food testing” issued by the State Market Supervision and Administration in January 2023, the spiked samples at three concentration levels of enrofloxacin were prepared. Fifty blank samples and fifty spiked samples at a concentration level of 0.5 time the standard limit requirement (5 μg/kg) were used to evaluate the false positive rate of the rapid detection method. Fifty spiked samples at a concentration level of 1 time the standard limit requirement (10 μg/kg) were used to evaluate the false negative rate of the rapid detection method. Fifty real samples of eggs were detected with immunochromatographic test strips based on quantum dot microsphere and HPLC-MS/MS, respectively. Results: The immunochromatographic test strips based on quantum dot microsphere can meet the national limit requirements, with false negative rate of 0% and false positive rate of 0%. For the detection with real samples, the results of the immunochromatographic test strips based on quantum dot microsphere have a high coincidence rate with that of HPLC-MS/MS. Conclusion: With the help of a portable reader, quantum-dot microsphere immunochromatography can obtain digital and accurate results, which is suitable for rapid on-site screening of large samples of risk factors in eggs.