Polysaccharide is one of the main bioactive compounds in these mushroom which had been generally studied to have the health-promoting properties of anti-oxidation, antitumor, anti-inflammatory, immunoregulation. With the heat wave of gut microbiome rising, how the edible mushroom polysaccharide affects human health through the gut microbiome has become the focus of attention. This review discussed the efficacy and structure of edible mushroom polysaccharides, the composition, distribution and function of human gut microbiome, and how the mushroom polysaccharides affect human health through regulating the gut microbiome. At the same time, preliminary suggestions for the follow-up study of edible mushroom polysaccharides were put forward in this review.