Compared with developed countries in Europe and America, the construction of China's food safety law started relatively late, and there are still a series of imperfection at the legislative level. This paper uses literature analysis and comparative analysis to analyze the theoretical framework of the food safety risk exchange system, from the three aspects of the food safety risk exchange management department, the food safety risk exchange legislation system, and the food safety risk exchange mechanism. A comparative analysis of the food safety risk exchange system in Europe and the United States resulted in a useful inspiration for China's food safety risk exchange system. It pointed out that China should improve the Food Safety Law, enhance the operability of the food safety risk exchange system, and clarify the organizations in food safety for risk communication. Establish an information platform for food safety risk communication to achieve diversification of communication channels.